Civilized, Primitive, and the Perceptual Lens Essay

To say that any culture, region, or country is civilized or primitive is purely subjective to the person stating the opinion. Each individual, whether educated or uneducated, will have a different view on the definition of those two terms; a view that is influenced by the perceptual lens, or bias, that the individual has developed through various experiences over their lifetime. Nonetheless, how do subjectivity and the perceptual lens manipulate the terms of ‘civilized’ and ‘primitive’ in relation to the humanities? The answer is as unique as the individual giving it. Subjectivity often refers to the interpretation of an experience by an individual, in contrast with objectivity, which is a knowledge and fact-based belief system. The thoughts or opinions brought on by the experience are what help support the idea of a perceptual lens. Other influences of the perceptual lens can include, but are not limited to: religion, race, gender, environment and education . Because of the bias of an individual, there is a possibility of more than one sharing the same thoughts and opinions on an idea; however, it is difficult to say that two individuals share the same point of view on every aspect of life and society. At this current moment in time, the influence of late twentieth and early twenty-first century American pop culture effects the view many young Americans have on society, whereas the weight of mid twentieth century culture changes the bias of older Americans. It is because of these changes in culture that the terms of ‘civilized’ and ‘primitive’ cannot be given a tangible definition, but merely guidelines as to the form it is supposed to follow. Civilization is often a term so broad that it is easier to refer to a society as being â€Å"civilized.† To be defined as civilized, one must have: a form of urban life, involving the building of permanent settlements; a system of government; distinct social classes, defined by wealth and occupation; specialized skills and tools for the production of goods and the rise of trade; a form of written communication; and a shared system of beliefs whose officials play a significant role in the community (Cunningham and Reich, 3). By using the perceptual lens in conjunction with these guidelines, it can be inferred that to be civilized is a baseline for social groups as well as societies. When thinking of the word ‘civilized,’ ideas such as fine arts, hygiene, education, history, language and family all help us define the expression, and for each individual the ideas are unique to how they were raised and how they view the world. For those who view civilized through a twenty-first century lens, to be civilized is purely used to make advancements in society and as a tool for survival. In America, we have all the basic distinctions to be defined as civilized, with a few exceptions, such as a singular shared system of religious belief. Yet, it could be said that with the freedom to choose a religion based on your own values and to share those values with others would be in place of a singular belief system. In contrast, to be ‘primitive’ is to lack all of a majority of the basic distinct ions that reinforce what a society is at the core. Although, to be primitive can also be seen as a lack of survival skills needed to sustain a society. Some thoughts that come to mind with the term ‘primitive’ are: barbaric, dirty, uneducated, lack of a ruling body or government, and without a written language. However, those thoughts solidify the idea of a perceptual lens, a true subjective view on civilization and how the concept was taken in by an individual. As an advanced society, America has proven itself to be primitive in the way it often treats other nations that refuse to see ideas and beliefs the way in which they are seen here. For example, the countries of Afghanistan, Iran, and Iraq are often viewed as primitive and barbaric nations, due to the constant civil war that rages between religious sects in each region, and as a nation of great influence, America has bullied its way into the system with the goal of changing the social structure of each nation. Yet, all of these countries have the basics standards to be defined as civilized; each has a system of government, a shared belief system, permanent cities, social classes, agricultural and textile trade, and written language. Another example of use of the perceptual lens and the term ‘primitive’ would be the Neanderthals. Made out to be unintelligible people by all forms of media, Neanderthals were, at that point in time, extremely intelligent. Nearly 200,000 years ago, Neanderthals’ began to practice elaborate burial rituals, which could be proof of a deeply seated belief in the afterlife of the deceased’s soul, supporting the beginnings of a spiritual belief system. Thus, a society which is constantly referred to as primitive was actually quite civilized considering the evolutionary advances at the time. Though this is only one view on civilized, primitive, and how the perceptual lens effects the definition of the terms, it is an insight to how subjectivity changes the most basic of information taught to us at an early age. Societies follow the six distinct characteristics that define them as civilized, yet even the most advanced, civilized societies can be defined as primitive in the actions that are made by those who govern over them. 1. Cunningham, Lawrence S., and John J. Reich. Culture and Values: a Survey of the Humanities. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth, 2006.

Planning To Meet Customer Requirements Essay

1(a)This assignment is based on organization called the Better business bureau located in North America. The fundamental aim of this organization is to ensure that business men achieve high standards and maintain them. The vision of the organization is an ethical market place where buyers and sellers can trust each other. The mission of the better bureau is to be the leader in advancing market place trust. The better business bureau is able to accomplish its mission by ensuring   that it works in a community of trustworthy businesses since the main aim of the business is to train its members on how to maintain their business ,hence it is easy to motivate business men to be trustworthy to each other. To accomplish its mission the better business bureau has set standards for market place trust. The main objective of the better business bureau is to setting up good standards in the market that promote trust. To fulfill its mission the better business bureau encourages and supports best practices. As being a good role model in the market place the better business bureau is main target is encouraging and supporting practices among businessmen. (b). one of the main objective of the business is celebrating market place role models. As a mentor that is encouraging good business practices the better business bureau acts as a good role model among business men. Another other main important objective for the better business bureau is denouncing substandard market place behavior. The organization is against bad business behaviors and untrustworthy business men practices. (c). Denouncing substandard market place behaviors has encouraged the organization to work closely with its members. Through the internet the better business bureau is always in contact with its customers thus encouraging good business behaviors among them. To ensure that high standards are set and maintained the better business bureau offer affordable education to all its members. The better business bureau also promotes the standards set by its members. To celebrate market place role model has been achieved by the better business bureau because the organization accepts only competent business to its system. Any qualified businesses do not qualify to becoming members of the organization. 2.(a) Stake holders The better business bureau has got many employees, customers and shareholders. The main stakeholders for the better business bureau are businessmen. i. Customers: The main customers for the better business bureau are businessmen. The better business bureau is an international organization for 133 better business bureaus across North America. The better business bureau has got 380, 000 business members that range in size from local enterprises to multinational corporations.   The better business bureau offers many services to its customers, like the better business bureau military line. This is mainly designed to meeting specific consumer needs of military personnel. The organization also has an international students ethic award where scholarships are offered to competent students.   ii. a).Employees: the better business bureau has got many employees. The main ones are accountants, managers, web designers, clerks, and the junior staff. The accountants are mainly involved in maintaining and ensuring that the better business bureau offers its services to standard, they oversee the day performance of the business. Also the web designers have been working hard in ensuring that the organization is well networked, with it business members by developing and ensuring that updated computer programmes have been designed that meet the requirements of the company. b) The employees of the better business bureau ensure the smooth running of its operations. For example the web designers ensure that the business is well networked with all its customers globally. The accountants of the better business bureau ensure that its records are well maintained and updated. The accounts also regularly countercheck the performance of the business members of the organization.   The customers of the better business bureau determine its performance. When many businesses join the bureau its performance improves. Quality: The quality of a product is the degree of the production perfection. Every product has to be manufactured to a particular specification regarding dimension, surface finish and hardness. Quality services: means offering of services that meet and fulfill the requirements of the customers. Quality management: This is a system that a company lays down in ensuring that it achieves its objectives. Quality management involves procedures and means involved in measuring and maintaining the quality of products or services offered by a company. c) Quality standards. The better business bureau has set up quality standards that monitor the daily performance of its duties. The better business bureau has been putting some measures like introducing online services that are set towards improving the quality of services the company offers. To promote the quality of services the company offers it has promoted the public trust in advertising. The better business bureau does its advertisement in order to foster truth and accuracy in national advertising through voluntary self-regulation.   To improve the quality of services the better business bureau offers it the business has been using online services to report its operations. d) Quality audit. The better business bureau offers quality services to its customers. The better business bureau meets the needs of its customers by enabling its customers to be using an online reporting and evaluation system. Through the internet customers make their requests to the company and they get the necessary feed back through the internet. Only competent and trustworthy businesses are member: The better business bureau encourages quality in its services by registering only qualified businesses as its members. The organization does not encourage illegal business practices among its members. The organization also supports many other good programs. The business offers other community services like scholarships to need students within the community. 4) Information review: To create a healthy, safe and productive working environment some information are essential. First information about a particular company is crucial. To understand its objectives, mission and vision. After understanding the objectives, mission and vision of the company then its possible to create a conducive working environment. To create a conducive working environment there should be a well laid down organizational structure for the company. The employees should understand their duties well. A good relationship should also exist between the junior and senior staff. To create a safe working environment all the employees should understand the necessary safety precautions, they should follow in performing their duties, they should also understand other necessary rules to be followed in performing their duties. For encouraging a productive working environment employees should be well conversant to their work. They should understand all the procedures of performing a specific task. b) The guidance that is in our work place that creates a healthy, safe and productive work environment is through regular training of employees. The better business bureau offers regular training to its employees on how to, have a heath work environment by encouraging employees to co-ordinate and network among themselves in ensuring that the required standards of working are achieved at the work place. The organization promotes a save working environment by encouraging its employees to observe safely measures like how to control emergence situation like fire in case of an emergence. The company also encourages a productive working environment by training its employees adequately. The better business bureau has trained its employees to be at a better position of offering recommended services to its customers. Training: The better business bureau trains its business managers on how to encourage many businesses to join the organization. The business managers are taught on how to face business men and how to promote good business practices in their businesses. For the better business bureau to create a healthy and productive environment among its members it usually monitors on their performance. Only businesses with performance, that is according to the required standards that the better business bureau serves. Risk analysis: (i)Political situations:- The political situation of America and other countries can affect the smooth running of the better business bureau. The political situation of countries that have member businesses registered with the better business bureau affect the smooth running of the organization. (ii)Exchange rates:-Due to high prices of oil and food, the global economy is performing poorly thus affecting the strength of the dollar particularly to poor countries. Thus the better business bureau being an international organization will be greatly affected. Potential business: -It becomes difficulty for the better business bureau to determine genuine businesses. Since the better business bureau deals only with competent business it becomes difficulty to know the trustworthy once. iv. Facing competition: the better business bureau faces competition from other international organization. Hence it is likely to lose some of its potential customers.

Epidural Catheterization In Cardiac Surgery Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction: Risk-benefit-ratio rating of extradural haematomas due to catheter arrangement in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is still controversial. The intent of this survey is to update to 2012 the per centum of catheter-related extradural haematoma hazard in cardiac surgery. Methods: Bracco and Hemmerling 2007 hazard appraisal was updated by seeking all reported instances of extradural arrangement for cardiac surgery, in web and in literature, from April 2007 to September 2012. Hazards of other medical and non-medical activities were retrieved from recent reappraisals or national statistic studies. Consequences: Hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma is 1/5,493, with a 95 % CI of 1/970 to 1/31,114. It is similar to the hazard in the general surgery population of 1/6,628 ( 95 % CI 1/1,170 to 1/37,552 ) . Decisions: Hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma should be considered acceptable, since it is comparable to the hazard of deceasing in a auto accident, which is a jeopardy widely accepted. Its usage should be encouraged, because extradural improves recovery in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.IntroductionIn cardiac surgery, the extradural anesthesia/analgesia technique has been performed for many old ages [ 1 ] ; however, its usage is frequently limited by the fright of increased hazard of extradural haematoma associated with anticoagulation therapy. The risk-benefit ratio of medical processs needs to be known in order to do the best pick in routinely clinical pattern. In peculiar, it is of import to better look into the hazard benefit-ratio of extradural catheter in cardiac surgery, since it is a controversial and strongly debated pattern. In a recent reappraisal [ 2 ] , Royse showed the benefits and hazards related to high pectoral extradural anaesthesia, and he concludes that & amp ; acirc ; ˆ?epidural usage in cardiac surgery is no more unsafe than in non cardiac surgery & A ; acirc ; ˆA? . Previously, Bracco and Hemmerling estimated hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma, seeking databases from 1966 to March 2007 [ 3 ] . The deliberate hazard was 1 extradural haematoma out of 12,000 extradural catheterisation reported in literature. The purpose of this survey is to update to 2012 the per centum of catheter-related extradural haematoma hazard in cardiac surgery.MethodMedline, SciSearch Embase, Google and Google Scholar were searched to choose publications showing patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received extradural anesthesia/analgesia. The hunt standards were ( ( ( ( extradural anaesthesia ) OR extradural catheter ) OR locoregional anaesthesia ) OR extradural ) AND ( ( ( ( cardiac surgery ) OR coronary arteria beltway grafting ) OR aortal valve surgery ) OR mitral valve surgery ) . Databases were explored from April 2007 to September 2012. The compiled publication list includes: conference abstracts, randomized control tests, retrospective and prospective surveies, and meta-analysis. The figure of patients undergoing cardiac surgery who received extradural catheterisation was retrieved ; attending was paid to non number patients twice. After that, the entire figure of instances ( denominator ) was calcula ted summing instances from April 2007 to September 2012 with instances from 1966 to March 2007 ; the latters were already included in the appraisal hazard done by Bracco and Hemmerling [ 3 ] . The numerator was calculated adding instances of extradural haematoma after extradural catheterisation in cardiac surgery, occurred from 1966 to 2012. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma was compared with several different hazards, such as: the hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in non cardiac surgery, the hazard of chest or prostate malignant neoplastic disease, and the hazard of route traffic hurt. The per centums of hazard used for comparing were extrapolated from big tests, meta-analysis or national statistics studies. As already done by Bracco and Hemmerling, the Wilson method [ 4 ] was used to cipher 95 % reversible assurance interval ( CI ) of a individual proportion. The comparing between 2 proportions was done utilizing the same method [ 5 ] .ConsequenceIn 2012, the hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is 3 instances out of 16,477 patients, or 1/5,493, with a 95 % CI of 1/970 to 1/31,114. From April 2007 to 2012, around 4,477 patients having merely extradural or extradural plus GA and undergoing cardiac surgery were found. This population besides includes some paediatric patients. Kind of surgery and figure of patients are shown in table 1. We summed our consequences with the one estimated by Bracco and Hemmerling ; hence, the denominator is 16,477 ( 12,000 + 4,477 ) . Merely two instances of catheter-related extradural haematoma are described in literature from April 2007 to 2012. The first one occurred in 2010 and is reported by the UK Medical Protection Society [ 6 ] . A 70-year-old adult female had to undergo alteration surgery after 6 old ages since she received a ternary coronary arteria beltway. The twenty-four hours of surgery extradural catheter was placed without incident, and so GA was induced. The twenty-four hours after surgery, in the forenoon, the patient showed initial neurological symptoms, noticed by a nurse. However, her spinal column was examined through a CT scan merely hours subsequently, after neurological scrutiny revealed an intense motor and centripetal bilaterally block at the T6 degree. A big haematoma in the extradural infinite was clearly seeable ; hence, an exigency laminectomy and emptying of haematoma were performed. This patient remained paraplegic. The 2nd instance of catheter-related extradural haematoma happened in 2011 [ 7 ] . On the twenty-four hours of surgery, after GA initiation an extradural catheter was placed. The patient was a 55-year-old adult male scheduled for mitral valve replacing and tricuspid annulate plasty, who had stopped warfarin 7 yearss earlier surgery. Preoperative blood test revealed a normal curdling profile and normal thrombocyte count. A flaccid paraplegia appeared 16 hours after the terminal of surgery ; at that clip his curdling profile was altered and he had besides thrombocytopenia. An exigency magnetic resonance imagination showed an extradural haematoma at the T5-T6 degree, hence a laminectomy, within 6 hours since symptoms onset, was instantly performed to take the haematoma. This patient had a good overall recovery, and presented merely a little dysuria 6 months after laminectomy. Bracco and Hemmerling identified merely one instance of catheter-related extradural haematoma occurred in 1995 and subsequently reported in 2004 [ 8 ] ; hence, this instance adds up to the 2 antecedently described, so the numerator for the hazard assessment up to 2012 is represented by 3 instances. Several instances of neurological complications happening in patients with an extradural catheter placed for cardiac surgery are described in literature. Arora et Al. reported a instance of pneumocephalus after extradural anaesthesia [ 9 ] . The patient was a 68-year-old hypertensive, diabetic and corpulent male admitted for a coronary arteria beltway surgery ( CABG ) . He had a moderate clogging pneumonic disease, so extradural anaesthesia was proposed, obtaining informed consent. After uneventful extradural catheter interpolation, the trial dosage was administered ( 2ml of 2 % Lidocaine ) . Immediately, the patient reported a terrible concern, and so generalized tonic clonic ictuss developed. The patient gained consciousness 10 proceedingss subsequently, after ictuss were controlled. The magnetic resonance imagination showed air in the basal cisterns and subarachnoid infinites. The patient got a full recovery and underwent surgery 2 yearss subsequently. Writers concluded that the c omplications were due to the puncture of the dura mater. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is comparable to the hazard of extradural haematoma after regional techniques for general surgery [ 10, 11 ] . Volk et Al. estimated an incidence of spinal haematoma of 1: 6,628 in general surgical population, in Germany, from 2008 to 2009. We calculated a comparative hazard decrease of 17 % prefering general surgery ( non important ) . The US mortality for bosom disease ( deaths per population ) [ 12 ] is 10 times higher the hazard of extradural haematoma after extradural anesthesia/analgesia for cardiac surgery. The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is 100 times lower than both the incidence of acute nephritic failure after CABG [ 13 ] , and the incidence of sternal lesion infection after CABG [ 14 ] . The hazard of catheter-related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is besides a 1,000 times lower than the frequence of ordering mistakes in infirmaries ( errors/admissions ) [ 15 ] . Patients undergoing cardiac surgery with an extradural catheter in topographic point have a hazard to develop an extradural haematoma comparable to the hazard of developing chest malignant neoplastic disease ( women/year ) or prostatic malignant neoplastic disease ( men/year ) [ 16 ] , and to the hazard of deceasing by accident ( deaths/population ) [ 17 ] [ Fig.1 ] .DiscussionKnowing the hazard per centum related to medical processs is really of import in clinical pattern ; it permits to correctly measure the risk-benefit ratio and to explicate patients all is needed, in order to obtain an informed consent before executing processs. Two recent meta-analysis have shown, one time once more, that the usage of epidural over general anaesthesia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery improves recovery by diminishing: the incidence of acute nephritic failure, the incidence of postoperative supraventricular arrhythmias, the clip on mechanical airing and respiratory complications [ 18, 19 ] . Therefore, extradural anaesthesia is an of import intercession in the multimodal scheme that anesthesiologists actuate in order to vouch the best quality attention. Furthermore, wake up cardiac surgery is a new minimally invasive anaesthesia technique, and it is a cherished option for bad patients with terrible COPD ; because avoiding cannulation and mechanical airing is necessary to cut down the hazard of decease [ 20-25 ] . This survey demonstrates that the hazard of catheter related extradural haematoma in cardiac surgery is non zero, but it is a hazard that we consider to be acceptable, since it is comparable to the hazard of deceasing in a auto accident [ 26 ] , which is an jeopardy normally accepted [ Fig. 1 ] . Restrictions of the current hazard analysis are related to our determination of non sing differences among the surveies we used as beginning. Different times of catheter arrangement, different perioperative heparinization protocols and different puncture degrees are non taken into history. The increased hazard, compared to the 2007 appraisal by Bracco and Hemmerling, we believe is due to a lessening in the figure of instances we used to find the denominator, and non to a existent addition in instances of catheter-related extradural haematoma. We used as denominator the figure of patients who received an extradural catheterisation to undergo cardiac surgery. It is our sentiment, that the instances reported in literature in recent old ages are merely a little proportion of the figure of extradural catheter arrangement really performed. Furthermore, the attending paid to epidural-related jobs has increased over clip, and accordingly, the demand to describe incorrect events increased. In literature, instances of self-generated extradural haematoma without an extradural catheter after cardiac surgery are besides described. For case, Hayashi et Al. [ 27 ] reported about a 71-year-old adult females, who underwent mitral valve plasty with CPB. The surgery lasted around 4 hours uneventfully, and she was non antecedently treated with anticoagulant therapy neither with extradural. One hr after surgery, paraplegia was apparent, an extradural haematoma compacting spinal cord at the C7-T4 degree was revealed through magnetic resonance imagination. A conservative attack was chosen because the paraplegia was non progressive. The writers stated that the extradural haematoma etiology was non apparent. The adult female had good overall result. In decision, measuring the risk-benefit ratio of utilizing pectoral extradural anaesthesia in cardiac surgery should be easier, thank to this update hazard appraisal.

Methodology chapter in my dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Methodology chapter in my dissertation - Essay Example Interpretivism denotes a research method that lays importance on deductive reasoning and is thus in contrast to positivism. For the deductive reasoning process, the researcher interprets data keeping in mind the context and meaning of the observed phenomenon, and hence is a qualitative process (Carson et al., 2001; Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). Pragmatism denotes an attitude that reflects efficiency and utility (Thayer, 2011). The researcher interprets the data in a manner that serves his purpose best. In this sense, it can be said that pragmatism combines both qualitative and quantitative aspects of data collection and interpretation. Investment decision in the selected chemical companies is to be based on a analysis of the data of each firm at micro-level, in the macro-context of the chemical industry. It entails both quantitative and qualitative analysis. Hence, the Researcher is choosing the pragmatism methodology for this

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 28

Nursing research - Essay Example In this case, an organization’s leadership acted as a barrier to successful implementation by failing to provide support to the implementation process (Bostrom et al.). An organization setting may fail to provide essential collaborative efforts between the staff, physicians, and colleagues in a hospital setting, which acts as a barrier to successful implementation of a proposal (Bostrom et al.). In effect, stakeholders working to implement the proposal will have varying objectives and goals that do not contribute to successful implementation. On the other hand, an organization may fail to have expertise that is necessary to implement the research utilization proposal (Bostrom et al.). In addition, the organization may fail to train their staff on the importance of the proposal and the approaches to implement the proposal in order to ensure provision of quality care. In this case, the lack of expertise and the failure to train staff members act as barriers to successful implementation. Finally, an organization may fail to allocate enough resources to the implementation of the research utilization proposal, which will act as a barrier to successful i mplementation. utilization and research use among registered nurses working in the care of older people: Does the BARRIERS Scale discriminate between research users and non-research users on perceptions of barriers? Implement Science 3.24(2008). Web. 7 January 2013.

Realism and Hans Morgenthau in International Relations Essay

Realism and Hans Morgenthau in International Relations - Essay Example The former is most likely the case to occur when changes have occurred in the society structure as to require the reconstruction of the political constitution. Construction of solid political institutions requires the involvement of realism which must draw a clear line between wishful thinking and truth. Political realism2,3 is a study and practise of politics that contends that all nations are guided by their personal interests which are claimed to be their benefit and are disguised as moral concerns. A rational theory which clearly states what are these rational concerns that imprint a nation's need is necessary and requires thinking of the actual needs of a nation rather than what such a nation would like to see achieved. Such objectives of a nation follow a generic model that may apply for thousands of years and the same "moral" concerns that fall under the disguise of personal interest have found applicability since the ancient times. These fall under the territorial security of a nation primarily which once it has been secured the nation might contend the territory expansion for the establishment of a nation's security. Other than territorial expansion purpose of the personal interests a nation might pursue and disguise under morality is the accumulation of power. One however, should not see such claim... Even though international politics call for a clear distinction between personal concern and preservation of one's identity it may not always be the case that such distinction is probable. Morgenthau performs a system level analysis of political realism; he identifies the dependent and independent variables of the system, how these operate within the system and the effects they have on the system functionality. In this case the dependant variable is the foreign policy that states need to follow taking into consideration properties of the problem at hand, alternative solutions and the impact these may have on the involved parties. The independent variables are the drive of the initiative taking party that may be hidden under the disguise of state, or country, rights preservation or moral principles. The question here is what are the rights a country is entitled to as to take any kind of initiative on foreign policy as to proceed to battle and to what extend is one entitled to take any kind of initiative based on these rights or moral conflicts. The danger-action relation is perpetual circular; once danger is identified action is taken and such action breeds changes that keep the danger hint alive. The point here is the criteria to set as to separate rational from irrational behavior; who is to make such distinctions free of bias and finally what behaviour makes moral or amoral perception as to justify any kind of foreign policy initiative with the side-effects that might have. For danger to initiate action and the other way around the one does not necessary call for the other; just a hint is adequate basis for anyone to claim that certain clues call for immediate action. The author claims

Heat capacity Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heat capacity - Lab Report Example The heat energy that is lost by the hotter object is absorbed by the object with the lower temperature. Calculating specific heat capacities involves the use of a calorimeter and a known mass of water. The calorimeter is designed in such a way that heat is not lost to or gained from the surrounding air (Laider). Since no heat is lost, then it can be safely assumed that heat lost or gained by the object inside the calorimeter is the same as the heat lost or gained by the water contained in the calorimeter. A known mass of water was heated using an electrical heating wire. The initial and final temperatures of the water were measured and recorded, as well as the current, voltage and the time that the electric switch was turned on. For liquid nitrogen, a known amount of heat was applied to liquid nitrogen. The quantity of liquid nitrogen that boiled away was measured by finding the difference between the initial and final masses. The flask with the liquid nitrogen was placed on a balance and the electrical heater lowered into the liquid nitrogen. The vaporization rate of the liquid nitrogen was measured after every ten seconds and recorded. Temperature (T) was plotted against time. The change in temperature was then used in the calculation of Cwater. (IVT)/ ΔT was plotted against the mass of water. The slope of the curve was found to be Cwater: From (IVT)/ ΔT, the value of IVT can be calculated by replacing ΔT in the equation (IVT)/ ΔT with the value in the table that corresponds to ΔT and then solving for (IVT). This gives a value of 50240.1601. The specific heat capacity of water of successfully determined, along with the latent heat of vaporization for liquid nitrogen. The measured and calculated results may have errors because of the possibility that experimental errors occurred during heat transfer to the surrounding and also not taking the

Experimental design on how to investigate the innate behaviour of Essay

Experimental design on how to investigate the innate behaviour of woodlice Introduction - Essay Example On the other hand, taxis behaviour is a behaviour in which an animal orients itself in an absolute direction in response to environment stimulus.2 Woodlice belong to the crustacean class. Most of these animals are terrestrial species and aquatic. It is believed that they exhibit an innate behaviour in that they tend to stay in wet and dark environment because they lack the characteristic waxy skeleton on their ex-skeleton like does most of the arthropods, thus tend to lose water easily when in dry conditions ()3. Woodlice are also good examples of organisms that orient themselves to humidity through kinesis. Woodlice also exhibit negative phototaxis. They have ocelli (light receptors). As a result, they do make directed movement away from illumination into the dark areas. They increase their locomotory activity in dry areas. However, this activity is decreased in humid conditions and for this reason they tend to accumulate in areas of high humidity.4 As indicated earlier, woodlice prefer wet and dark environment. Consequently, they increase their locomotory activities in dry areas and reduce their movement in humid areas. For this reason it would be expected that the number of woodlice will be greater int the more humid and dark areas. Then, the tray will be covered to exclude natural light and retain the humid moisture. The tray will be placed in a sheltered location free from direct sunlight. The lighting will be achieved through the use of a stand lamp placed at the same position and distance from the trays throughout the experiment. The distance will be reasonable to prevent transferring heat to the trays. Repeat the above procedures, but this time covering the tray with a perforated aluminium foil in order to create a dark environment, remove the stand lamp and then record the results after 30 minutes Table

GASTRO ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

GASTRO ESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE - Essay Example GERD is a risk factor for Barrett’s esophageal (BE), which also predisposes patients to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patients diagnosed with GERD require proton pump inhibitors therapy as a mechanism to prevent the occurrence of BE and EAC. This paper is a research of the current studies on GERD and a review of a case study for a child suffering from GERD. Case Study The case study is of an 8 year old boy who experienced headaches and neck pain. The child had started complaining of the pain four years before the mother consulted a chiropractic doctor. The child had developed pain after riding in a â€Å"dodge ‘em† car. An emergency stop worsened the pain, which forced the mother to seek medical assistance. The severity of the neck pain had reduced before consultation, but the intensity of headaches had remained constant. Other symptoms included bouts of dizziness and nausea caused by neck rotation, heavy nausea in the morning, and severe neck pain and vomiting after meals. The child also experienced abdominal pain over the stomach, recurring bronchitis and migraine as a result of the family history. The doctor performed a physical examination that showed normal growth and development. Neurological, abdominal, cardiovascular, and respiratory examinations did not exhibit abnormal findings. Restrictions on segmental motion on upper cervical spine and sacral dysfunction were observed after a chiropractic spinal evaluation. The doctor also observed Shimizu reflex on the upper right hand side indicating an upper cervical problem (Jonasson, and Knaap, 2006). Using the above information, the doctor made a diagnosis of cervicogenic headache and abdominal pain. The doctor believed the pain had a somatovisceral origin. The diagnosed problem was believed to be as a result of upper cervical complex subluxation and milk allergy. The doctor proposed treatment involving a combination of chiropractic manipulation of upper cervical complex and cranial tre atment. This led to a temporary reduction in headaches and unchanged abdominal pain. The mother sought another opinion from a children doctor after seven treatments. The second consultation revealed regular colic, constant reflux, and periodic regurgitation of undigested food. These symptoms aggravated when the child assumed a recumbent posture. Abdominal pain on the stomach and lower chest made the doctor alter the initial diagnosis to GERD. The patient was referred to his general practitioner for GERD treatment and follow-up contacts revealed that the condition had improved immensely (Jonasson, and Knaap, 2006). Current Research History of the disease The prevalence of the disease has increased worldwide due to rising obesity and medicines that affect LES functions. Studies have indicated that approximately one third of the US population complain of GERD symptoms monthly (Narmeen and Woodward, 2013). Women have a higher rate of experiencing GERD symptoms than men. Western countrie s have a high prevalence ranging from 38 percent in Northern Europe to 9 percent in Italy. Annually, over 100 million proton pump inhibitors are prescribed to GERD patients in the western world. The high prevalence in western countries can be attributed to lifestyle, which is a major predisposing factor. The condition is a predisposing factor for esophageal cancer, which affects about 400, 000 people worldwide (Vats et al, 2006). Patients experience loss of appetite and damages to the lungs, throat, and ears due to excess

Research Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Research Methods - Assignment Example This paper is an evaluation of an article by Belon et al.,(2007) discussing research methodology and implications for research in homeopathy. Groundwater arsenic contamination poses a great risk to millions of people worldwide. Since supply of arsenic free water is inadequate, a pilot study was conducted to determine if homeopathic remedies Arsenicum Album 30 and Arsenicum Album 200 have beneficial effects on a random population of Ghetugachi and Dakshin Panchpota, which are arsenic contaminated villages (Khuda-Buksh et al.,2005). Improvement in their general health as well as blood toxicity levels was observed on administration of homeopathic therapies (Milazzo, et al., 2006). However, during the investigation, the volunteers were strictly advised to refrain from taking arsenic contaminated water. This created doubt as to whether the changes observed were due to the homeopathic remedies or intake of the arsenic free water (Moffett et al., 2006). Therefore the present study by Belon et al,.(2007), was organised in an arsenic-contaminated village where arsenic free drinking water was unavailable. The parameters used in the study are either directly or indirectly implicated to the development of hapato-toxicity, and are important toxicity biomarkers. A hepato-toxic change is a primary feature associated with chronic arsenic poisoning and can lead to modulation of lipid peroxidation (LPO), which is associated with tissue damage and necrosis. 39 subjects comprising of 20 males and 19 females, showing no initial signs or symptoms of arsenic poisoning from the village of Dasdiya which has been recently marked as an arsenic-contaminated village, in Haringhata block under Nadia District, West Bengal volunteered by signing a consent form. Nevertheless, initially some participants were initially reluctant. The volunteers represented a subset of the population making Belon’s procedure convenient. It may be costly for an entire population to participate in a