Insight on Macro Economics

Question 1: financial globalization Over the years since World War 2 we have seen economists battle on the idea for and against of financial globalization. The topic had been there during previous years but not much attention was paid into it, it only attracted attention after the effects of World War 2 let to social unification. This is idea suggests that all the countries of the world should unite economically by setting up a global financial institution to standardize al the economic activities of the world. The pros and cones have laid out with case studies on regional bodies and domestic financial institutions being cited to back up various claims that take different stands on the issue.Both Mishkin and Rogoff acknowledged that if the world would be a better place if it had a global financial institution. Even with this in mind, they never failed to say that the idea is a pipe dream as there are many economic, social and political variables round it. Unifying all the three factors would be daunting even from the onset and it would be a miracle if the unification worked. They stated that even if all odds were beaten and the institution was formed; developing countries would end up losing market and money as the developed countries would exploit them. The two agreed that if formed, the international institution would be more successful as it will have many investors from developing countries and be disbursing high return interest loans to developed countries for them to invest in developing countries. Professor Kling agrees with the two economists up to the point that formation of a global financial institution is an imaginary (Lawrence-2001) object but takes a turn on the point that the institution would be more successful. Kling argues that economic problems domestic institutions face are the exact one the global institution will face but a larger and much devastating state.If a crisis arises, the international institution would cut the money it loans and raise the interests on the money. This would not be harsh stance as just like any business, the institution would want to grow its profit base and reduce risks. Developing countries that would by then be so dependant to the institution will be affected terribly as the probability of their economies collapsing would be so high. Mishkin, Rogoff and Kling all agree with this theory and each of them made reference to the behavior of the international monetary fund when an economic crisis arises. Benefits that the international institution will pass to the global community fixed. It would quickly restore liquidity if asked to because it would have a perpetual stability and flow of cash. Making available long term loans will be an easy task for the institution (chui-2002). Opening markets will be among the merits of an international as all countries will be operating under the same economic laws. Diversifying the market base will be another benefit as there will be numerous markets for different goods. Note; the previous statement will work if the global community allows production specialization policy to work. All these benefits have been agreed to by Mishkin and Rogof but Kling refutes the point that loans will be available to all countries. He says that is an impractical suggestion. There are elaborate disadvantages of the international institution if it is formed. Huge disparities in economic growth would be inevitable. We would see developing countries grow in economy as the developing counties would be seeing a drop in their GDP. The institution will cause an increase of taxes globally incase an economic bomb explodes and its liquidity goes down. The institution will kill productivity of small countries if it does not make policies that facilitate the smooth transfer of technology from developed to developing countries. Most of the skilled and unskilled labor force in developed countries will be left jobless as their companies will prefer manufacturing products in less developed countries that have low wage payouts.Question B1: contrast on transmission mechanismsTaylor and Lucas are profound economists that have made phenomenal economic revelations and added spice to works of Meynerd Keynes. Their insight on transmission mechanism is what staged their professionalism and expertise in the field of economics. They have divergent and convergent views relating to the topic; let us analyze them. The similarity they hold is that they both support the use of short term interest rates and investment on short term high return bonds and securities to propel economic growth, better known as financial market price review (taylor-1995). They say this is the only way the American banks maintain their liquidity. They also agree that how money is transferred between accounts and the number of times it circulates should be increased so as to maximize its efficiency; this is known as limited participation (tobin-1969). Credit view is one of the clashing points between the two professionals; Taylor fully supports the policy but Lucas admonishes it. Taylor advocates for unison change in lending rate policies among banks as Lucas stands for free financial flowing activities. Question B2: not what they had in mindKlings books explains a chronological order of events that led to the 2007/2008 financial crises that left many big companies bankrupt and with large debts, this is the year in united states history that stock prices shot and the exchange market remained shocked. He states that it is also a year to be remembered as there was widespread public outcry because people were being kicked out of their mortgages (kling-2009). It depicts how the bad economic policies made by previous governments led to the catastrophic time. He compares the laws of the times from 1930 to 1970 then 2001 when the policies were changed but that that could not save or salvage the 2008 disruption from taking place. The title highlights that the thoughts that were behind the previous policy makers did not come to be as they made poor economic judgments. The general idea is that the policies be changed and that companies customize the laws according to their own needs to avoid a scenario similar to the 2007/2008 one. The book gives insights and acts as a wake up to the policy makers, the banking and insurance companies and the general public; main consumers.Mr Kling urged the public to come up with innovations that would help cruise through bad economic times like the one in 2007/2008. He also urges the government to thoroughly scrutinize bills before passing them into laws as they would turn to be harmful in future times. He made the previous as a sig to acknowledge that economic forces are not static and they require revision from time to time. Here he lay an example that innovation would help reduce future effects as they did by helping quash the Glass-Stealgall act of 1933 (krugman-2002). The act prohibited interstate banking and also outlawed the merging of investment and commercial banks. Many economists including Kling said that the policy makers of that time passed the act as they thought that if banks were allowed to operate nationally they would be more powerful than other federal agencies. They also thought that merging of banks would create a monopoly and catalyze an economic breakdown.By equity finance; financial institutions would be reducing the economic burden by sharing risks. Kling sees this method work more efficiently if financial institutions merge. He also adds the money to be placed in the investment should be given I bits. This will allow the institution to study the market as the venture grows, in case they notice a downward or predict a loss the company can always pull out of the deal safely. This method has fewer sets of threats to loss than giving out all the cash for investment in one bit. Equity he says will prevent a coming from running out of liquidity. If the investment return is high, an institution can always remain in service even if it is funding different projects from different parties. In his introduction Mr Kling named bad bets and excessive leverage to be among the four practices financial institutions engaged in that led to the crisis. Prior to 2008 many lenders would typically really on institution credit scores before giving out loans; if they noticed that the borrower had good scores they would not hesitate giving him the loan in one sum. They did this even before assessing investment they were funding. The financial institutions would later come back to collect the money or claim the property, this is what led to the collapse of minor banks in the US. In his analysis if the matter he states that equity finance can help counter this effect as institutions that use it will save money and reduce the risk of becoming bankrupt by 40%. It is the excessive bets placed on none return investments that lead to excessive leverage. He structures the equity funding policy as a way of keeping the financial institutions in check with their investments. The actions that I would propose to the state is; creation of a federal body that will be mandated to assess the market viability of projects and investment opportunities. This body should then approve and certify that the project is truly worth the money requested in the quotation. I also recommend that banks be more open with their liquidity information and hand it over to the body that certifies projects. After certification the body will now recommend the project owner to an institution with that kind of money. This action will save many banks from collapse as many of them succumb to greed; bad bets.ReferencesBook written by Michael Chui in 2002Sovereignty liquidity crisis; analysis and complications for public policyBook written by A Lawrence in 2001International financial crisis; causes prevention and curesOnline Article from the new York times newspaperhttps;//www.nytimes/2002/08/02/opinion/duby-s-double-dip.htmlBook written by professor Kling'Not what they thought'Book written by Tobin in 1968 and published in 1969Theory of investmentBook written by Ando in 1958 and published in 1963'The life cycle theory of consumption'

Compare and Contrast Essay Good Boss Bad Boss

The difference between a good boss and a bad boss is perceived by the employee under supervision. The most important difference between the two types of bosses is whether you can be trusted to do your job and do it the correct way. The employees’ feelings towards their boss often show up in the work that her or she does and the way that the work is done. A good boss generally leaves the employees to do his or her work, but is available to help the employee if needed. As a result, employees tend to be happier, more at ease, and more likely to be more productive in his or her work environment. There are many qualities that make up a good boss. A good boss cares about their job as well as the employees who work under them. It is important to a good boss to do what they can to keep company they work for growing and to succeed every day. You can often tell a difference in the attitudes of a good boss and a bad boss because a bad boss may have a bad attitude and show no interest in wanting to be at work, while a good boss loves their job and goes above and beyond to succeed their company and themselves as well. In contrast, a bad boss keeps his or her door closed, and does not want or invite in communication with his or her employees and can be quite rude when interrupted. This behavior can often affect how employees feel about their job and how he or she does their work. Employees tend to be more stressed and annoyed when they are picking up the slack of their boss and when they are not receiving the correct answers to questions that may arise. Things may not get handled the way they should be handled if the boss does not show interest in step up and do their part. When a bad boss does not show interest in care in their employees that also affects how they do their work because employees may feel they are being taken advantage of and not receiving the credit they deserve for the work that they do. A bad boss may show disrespect and no interest in their employees and the company, but can put on an act to the higher up bosses and take all of the credit for the work of others. Typically a bad boss does not go above and beyond to better their company. A company can’t succeed without the people who get up and go to work every day and do their best to make that company a successful one. It takes more than one person to make a company succeed and that is why not only bosses but employees play a big role in maintaining a company. The way employees are treated is what keeps them enjoying their job, coming to work every day, putting their effort into their job, and providing good customer service. It is important to not only provide excellent customer service to whose entering a company, but to the employees as well. When customers are treated bad by those who are employed at a company then the customer tends to avoid that company and use other resources where they can get the help they need and are able to communicate with people who are helpful and respectful. This goes hand and hand with the way bosses treat their employees because like customers, employees who feel like they are being disrespected and not getter the proper help and training, they begin to not enjoy their job. When you do not enjoy your job and are being treated bad that shows up in the way you do your work. Employees may get that â€Å"I do not care attitude† or the bad attitudes from their bosses can rub off on the employees as well. Employees look up to their bosses because someday that could be the employee in the higher position. When becoming a boss most people look at that as an opportunity to do their best at their job and keep moving up to higher positions and more pay. It is not only the boss’s job to run a company and make that company successful but it is also their job to train and prepare their employees to be able to do their job one day. Becoming a boss of a company is a big deal and employees and bosses who enjoy their job do what is asked and expected of them so that they can have the chance to keep moving up the ladder of success. A good boss trains their employees the proper way, they even set aside down time to teach their employees how to do things that are the responsibility of the boss so that someday when the time comes they have been learning the proper duties of a boss and how to go about completing those duties. A good boss should always prepare their employees to someday take over their position and a good boss should feel confident that the employee is capable of doing so and maintaining a good work environment for others. A bad boss does not tend to care about employees desire to move up in the company therefore, the boss does not take the time to train the employee to be able to someday take over their job. A bad boss may teach the employees how to do certain aspects of the boss’s job only so the boss can push their work off onto their employees. In conclusion, the definition of a good boss and a bad boss is perceived by the employee working under that boss. Some may consider their boss a good or bad boss while others may think differently it is all how the employee feels that they are being treated by their boss and how they feel that their boss handles the job duties required of him or her. Many people have different views on certain aspects so only the employee can judge whether or not they believe their boss is a good or bad boss. Week 9: Completing the Essay  Resource: Appendix A posted in Course Materials ForumWrite a 1,050- to 1,400-word final draft of your compare-and-contrast essay. Include the following elements in your essay:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An introduction paragraph that includes an attention getter, background information, and your thesis statement placed last ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At least three body paragraphs with topic sentences that directly address the thesis and clincher sentences  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Appropriate transitions within and between paragraphs that maintain momentum throughout essay ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A conclusion paragraph that begins with a restated thesis, reviews the main ideas and ends with a lasting thought. Post your paper as a Microsoft ® Word document to the Assignments link by Day Four. | Content and Development   160 Points| Points Earned150/160|   | Additional Comments:| All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The paper is focused on the approved topic.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The paper is a minimum of 1,050, but no more than 1,400 words in length and is concise. |   Excellent job in all areas! Your final essay shows how well your writing skills have developed since the beginning of this class. Missing—a reference list and in-text citations. This is very important to use. Otherwise a paper will look as if it is plagiarized. Conclusion needs to be stronger. Also, make sure to review APA format as this does not align with APA format. | The content is comprehensive and accurate and compares and/or contrasts at least two subjects. | | The paper develops a central theme or idea directed toward the appropriate audience.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The paper remains focused on the key points and uses supporting information to support those points. |  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Paragraphs contain topic sentences that directly address the thesis, supporting details that focus on a single idea, and a concluding sentence that provides closure. | | Major points are stated clearly and are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis; and are organized logically. | | The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. | | The conclusio n is logical, flows from the body of the paper, and reviews the major points. |   |   | Readability and Style   20 Points| Points Earned20/20| | Additional Comments:| Paragraph transitions are present, logical, and maintain the flow throughout the paper. | Very nice job with transitions. They work well and help the flow of the paper for the reader. Good use of strong sentences. | The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. | | Sentences are complete, clear, and concise. | | Sentences are well constructed, strong, and varied. | | Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought. | |   |   | Mechanics 20 Points| Points Earned17/20| | Additional Comments:| Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed. |   Great work. I just noticed a few things as noted above. | Spelling is correct. | | Total 200 Points| Total Points Earned187/200| Overall Comments:Excellent job with your final essay. You should be proud of the document you ended up with. Just a few more things will take it to the next level. | *

Community College vs University Essay

Deciding on whether to attend a community college or a university can be a very tough decision. Often times we hear negative opinions and comments about attending a community college instead of a university. Community colleges are much more affordable. They have smaller classes, and they are much more convenient than universities. Through some people experiences and research, there are many benefits to attending a community college before university. There are many differences between going to a university right after finishing high school and going to a community college for the first two years. Such differences can be seen in terms of finances, degree and environment. One of the most important benefits to attending a community college is the financial savings. The average tuition at community college is $42 per credit hour, and the average for universities can vary between $1500 and $4000 depending on whether the university is public or private. This is a huge difference in price p er semester hour. Furthermore, at community college the books are less expensive. You can chose to buy a new book or a used book, and you still have the option to rent the books. Some people pay thousands of dollars to attend a university, and after a year they were no closer to a degree than a community college student. They are just further in debt. There are a number of different degrees available from four year universities; the options are far fewer at a community college. Community college programs offer Associate of Arts degrees. These Associate of Arts degrees are extremely helpful when it comes to transferring or pursuing a higher education later on. Community colleges are known for giving nontraditional students many convenient ways to obtain a career. Married students, students with children, or even students who work full time may not have the time or the finances to complete a 4 year program. Furthermore, Community colleges offer vocational certificates in varies fields. These certificate programs are designed to prepare a student for an entry-level job upon completion of the program. Students may decide to take only a couple of semesters to get a certificate in a certain field such as nursing, welding, or surgical technology. Nontraditional students may benefit from one of the many certificate programs offered at a community college. Universities, however, only offer four years programs or bachelors  degrees. They do not offer courses in vocational education, so they are best for students who plan on going into business or education. The environment between a community college and a four year university differs greatly. For example, community college tends to have fewer students per class, which mean students can have more opportunity to interact with their teacher and vice verse. Teachers with smaller classes are able to spend more time making sure that all the students get a quality education in their classroom. Likewise, if students have questions they may feel more comfortable asking them in a smaller and more intimate setting. On the other hand, a university lecture hall can hold hundreds of students, all participating in a single class. The professors are always busy doing research and keeping up with their professor status, which means no time to interact with their students. In conclusion, because of community college is more affordable, still have different options for 2 years degrees and have smaller classes, the community college is a better choice than universities for high school students. People can save lot money going to community college for their first two years, so they can put the saved money toward to the two or four more years to universities classes for their a Bachelor’s degrees, Master’s degrees and or Doctorates.

Development of smll nd medium sized enterprise Essay

Development of smll nd medium sized enterprise - Essay Example In the following pper I will discuss the importnce of the strtegy in frmes of SME nd emphsize tht the prctice nd concept of strtegy plys n importnt role for the enterprise of smll nd medium size.In orgniztion's strtegy within smll nd medium sized enterprise (SME) refers to its tctics nd mode of opertion in the mrketplce nd represents the pproch it intends to use to chieve its stted gols. The process of developing these gols typiclly strts with mrketing udit tht essentilly represents compiltion of industry, mrket, nd internl nlyses nd indictors. In some orgniztions these nlyses re rigorous nd time-consuming, requiring the time, energy, nd effort of n entire stff specificlly devoted to these efforts. On the other hnd, strtegy is lso sometimes formulted s result of n intuitive understnding of the orgniztion's bilities nd the environment in which it functions. In either cse, strtegy determines the ctivities necessry to chieve the orgniztion's desired level of success (Storey 2006).Strteg y within SME tkes t lest two forms: stted strtegy nd effective strtegy. Most lrge corportions undertke forml strtegic plnning efforts in which significnt mount of effort nd time is devoted to identifying specific nd relevnt strtegies. These efforts result in documents being distributed, ction items being issued, responsibility being ssigned nd, more often thn not, presenttion being mde by the strtegic plnning group to executive mngement. However, the growing consensus mong strtegic plnning professionls is tht there is often disprity between the stted strtegy nd the effective strtegy. The stted strtegy is wht is written in the orgniztion's plnning documents; the effective strtegy, on the other hnd, is the strtegy tht's demonstrted by the orgniztion's ctions. It is importnt to note tht the only truly importnt strtegy is the effective strtegy. The primry purpose of the stted strtegy is to influence the orgniztion's effective strtegy (Greene, Mole, 2006). The true test of how well the orgniztion's effective strtegy is ttuned to its trgeted customers is how well it performs in the mrketplce. This cn be mesured by performnce indictors such s customer loylty, sles, ernings, mrket shre, nd stock price. lthough Sers nd The Limited hve strtegic efforts focused on both cost reduction nd product inception-to-mrket, the emphsis of the qulity efforts for the fshion deprtment of Sers would be different thn it would be for The Limited. The Limited might plce specil emphsis on technology nd processes tht would id in its bility to get products to mrket very quickly. The fshion division of Sers might plce more emphsis on cost reduction becuse price plys more importnt role t Sers thn t The Limited. This simple exmple helps illustrte the importnce of deriving qulity efforts from orgniztionl strtegy. SME's criticl success fctors (CSFs) re determined by its strtegy. Criticl success fctors describe the things n orgniztion must do well to chieve its strtegic gols (Dft, Sormunen, Prks, 2005). CSFs re the mens by which the orgniztion fulfills its strtegy. Two similr orgniztions in the sme industry cn pproch the mrket using very different strtegies, resulting in the development of divergent criticl success fctors. For exmple, n entrepreneur who desires long-term success with one clothing store would hve different set of criticl success fctors thn n entrepreneur who desires long-term success through ntionwide frnchising. The criticl success fctor concept is ge-old. Gret leders throughout history chieved success becuse of their bility to focus on few key, criticl fctors

Workplace Crime and Honest Dealing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Workplace Crime and Honest Dealing - Essay Example Staff dishonesty is a crime committed against companies and does not solely consist of theft. Matthew Liew asserts that "crime encompasses exposures to loss from the dishonest acts of people within or outside the company." This may involve money or property of the company. Staff dishonesty could also include other types of misbehaviors such as "rule-breaking, destructive practices, non-cooperative practices, disruptive practices and misuse of facilities" (Challinger 2). One of the most common forms of staff dishonesty is theft. "Employee theft from a retail store is a term that is used when an employee steals merchandise, food, cash, or supplies while on the job" (McGoey). Theft can also be in the form of misusing employee discounts, offering discounted prices to friends, and cheating by reporting incorrect number of hours of work (Adjudicative Desk Reference). It can be assumed that this type of crime can be more damaging to retail companies because the involved persons are part of the organization, are usually trusted, and should be well-informed about the crime prevention measures that the company is adopting (McGoey). Matthew Liew adds that staff dishonesty can be detrimental to the company, especially since it may take a long time before it can be detected. Although employee theft is... Several authors believe that around 50% to 60% of employees in retail companies are guilty of dishonest conduct (Adjudicative Desk Reference). Studies conducted also indicate that staff dishonesty can equate to thousands of dollars in losses. Dennis Challinger notes that employee theft or pilferage, as opposed to other workplace crimes, is easy to measure, translating to around 1.8% of the gross national product in Britain and $40 billion a year in the United States, causing the failure of around 20% of companies in the U.S. (2). According to Kevin Philip, "staff dishonesty could account for up to 60 per cent of business losses" (9). In a separate survey by the University of Florida in 2002, employee theft accounted for disappearance of around 48% of store inventories, translating to $1.5 billion per year. The same survey found that compared to shoplifting, employee theft equated to an average loss of $1,341.02 for each case of theft, while for every shoplifting incident, average dol lar loss was only $207 (McGoey). What is obvious in several studies conducted on the prevalence of workplace dishonesty is that some of those who committed such offense are managers or those in authority. It was reported that in Britain, 8% of managers have been involved in workplace crime (Challinger 3). In a study conducted by Kevin Philip, it was found that dishonest employees in supermarkets include managers, head cashiers, front-end supervisors, cahiers, floor staff and store men. In a study that involved 1,408 retail employees in the Minneapolis area, 60% of those surveyed admitted to having committed an illegal activity, with 57% having been involved in misusing employee discount, while 12% admitted having taken a merchandise without paying for it (Adjudicative

Holistic Nursing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Holistic Nursing - Research Paper Example The term complementary is preferred because it conveys the idea that these therapies are used together with, rather than as a replacement for biomedical treatment. On the other hand, the term alternative conveys the thought of a therapy being used in place of a biomedical treatment. Finding a good definition for complementary therapies has been an uphill task. Several definitions have been proposed. The complementary therapy is a broad area of medicine that is made up of health systems, practices and modalities plus their accompanying beliefs. In the definition, the term complementary medicine is used n place of complementary therapies. However, the word â€Å"medicine† can be changed to â€Å"therapies†. There are more than 1700 identified complementary therapies. Classifying these therapies is as daunting as coming up with their definition. This is because the therapies vary and they encompass indigenous cultural practices that are vastly unknown in the western world. Additional challenges come up because the mechanisms of action for many complementary therapies are not known (Lange & Zahourek & Mariano 2013). NCCAM has suggested the following groups for complementary therapy: biological based therapies, mind-body therapies, manipulative and body-based therapies and energy therapies. NCCAM has noted that a complementary therapy is no longer classified as a complementary therapy once it becomes an accepted treatment for specific conditions (NCCAM, 2005). The boundaries between complementary therapy and the dominant health care systems keep changing. As a result, what may be considered as complementary at a point in time can be recognized as part of the mainstream healthcare later on . Complementary and alternative therapies are healthcare topics that have instigated discussion and debate in a large way. Many people in the US have shown considerable interest in these topics. This is evident

Validity and Reliability on Emergency Preparation and Response in the Essay

Validity and Reliability on Emergency Preparation and Response in the World of Corporate Security - Essay Example In the context of my research, this means that I have to ask a content expert if my instrument in gathering data looks valid. Similarly, this may be undertaken by asking potential respondents about the face validity of my instrument through a pilot run of the survey. Yet still another measure of validity is content validity. In this type of validity, I am bound to do a content validity check and ask experts in the field of corporate security on their opinion about the instrument – that is, if they think that the instrument will be able to measure what I set it out to measure. Content validity has two subtypes, predictive validity and concurrent validity. One way of checking the predictive validity of my research tool is to see if it can predict other variables that are â€Å"logically related† to those which are measured by the instrument. If it does, that means that the instrument I constructed is content valid. On the other hand, concurrent validity works the same way as predictive validity; however, the measure of this is logical correlations with other variables that are assumed to be associated with those measured in the tool. Finally, I can also do a construct validity check. For example, if I am measuring the variables emergency preparation and response, they should correlate with other related constructs in an anticipated manner if my instrument does have construct validity.

Corporate Fundraising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Fundraising - Essay Example According to s 715A, the offer document should be presented and worded in a concise, clear and effective style. An offer document should supply with all relevant information and material to the investor and by doing so, the company would help the investor to make a wise investment decision. Thus, an offer document should be prepared as the guidelines provided in CA 20011. A proprietary company in Australia is barred from fund raising from the public. Some types of demeanour by corporations in Australia pertaining to financial services and products like the making of deceptive or bogus statements or involving in deceptive or deceptive conduct is barred. However, under s 113(3), a proprietary company can raise funds from the general public if the fundraising does not require a disclosure document where there is an exception. A corporation is not required to file a lengthy prospectus if it is exempted under s 708 or if the quantum of money to be raised is $ 10 m or less from the public. A company is required to file only an offer information statement if the amount that is going to be raised is $ 10 m or less. ... If the issue size is $ 5 million or less, an Australian company may issue offer information statements in lieu of a prospectus. In Hurst v Vestcorp Ltd (1988) 12 NSWLR 394, it was emphasised the significance of proper disclosure documents by a company while inviting the public for investment in its shares3. It is to be noted that offer of securities obtained outside Australia will not fall under the 700 (4) of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). For example, if The Green Coffee Company Ltd, makes an offer of $7 million and $15 million in capital in Vietnam, then Australian laws will not be applicable. Further , if The Green Coffee Company Ltd wanted to raise $ 10 million or less , there is no need to issue a detailed prospectus or if is exempted under s 708. If it is intend to raise more than $ 10 million, it has to compulsorily file a detailed prospectus with ASIC and is bound by its statements. Application of Law The Corporation Act 2001 function to make sure that the investors are sa feguarded when they make a decision to buy shares. Assuming that the Green Coffee Company Ltd and not a proprietary limited company , if the company wants to go for public issue , then it has to observe the provisions contained in Chapter 6D of the Corporation Act 2001(Cth). There are many options available for the Green Coffee company as regards to fund raising. It may go for a public issue or may approach bankers to advance loan or issue of debentures, etc. Thus, proper mixture of minimal public issue with loan capital may offer leveraging or gearing to the company thereby enhancing its Return on Equity (ROE). In a nutshell, Green Coffee Company may engage to release an offer information statement

Mangment 3000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mangment 3000 - Essay Example The Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is an important tool to assess the needs of the people. II. Providing adequate opportunity to the individual for showcasing his/her abilities, so that the individual is able to contribute to the best of his/ her ability towards the completion of the task and growth of the company. I consider the ‘recognition’ and ‘career development opportunities’ as the most valuable ones. If someone is able to accomplish the assigned task in a satisfactory manner and the management gives it due recognition, the manager personally congratulates the individual, then it proves quite helpful in boosting the motivational levels of the person. If such testimonials are followed by promotional opportunities, then it works wonders for the individual, the team, and of course the company. If the manager is aware about my preferences for doing good work, and he gives due consideration to my needs, this will certainly help in improving the interpersonal communication and mutual respect between employees and managers. My dominant needs are safety needs and self esteem needs. While working for the company having a decent pay package with reasonable assurance of job security results in boosting the self confidence of the individual. This in turn reflects on the manner in which the individual tries to implement the strategies and jobs assigned to him. Self respect is another key attribute which works up to the advantage of the worker. Nobody likes to work for the company if he is treated in a denigrating manner. These needs certainly help while functioning in a group. If we accord due respect to every team member, we are bound to get equal respect from each team member. This brings up the required team spirit for effective functioning of the group. It is worthwhile here to mention that a team is also composed of people with differing abilities, qualification and motivation levels. A cohesive team of highly motivated and

Two Reading Journals Essay Example for Free

Two Reading Journals Essay â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’Connor is a story which utilizes caricatures of people to reveal some aspects of character that all readers can identify with.   While the characters on the literal level seem too unreasonably stereotyped to be real, some of their behaviors and responses are actually very similar to those of all humanity.   For example, the Grandmother begins as the quintessential nagging, hyper-critical, self-absorbed old woman that everyone prefers to ignore. However, her constant spouting of religious maxims and her ability to use her holier-than-thou attitude for guilt purposes is a trait that many readers recognize in their own family members or even themselves, perhaps as the oppressed son, even.    After the initial encounter with the Misfit, these stereotypical demeanors fade away, and the real personality of the characters can come through.    This is similar to the concept that people’s true selves come through in times of great trial or emergency.   The bratty children clam up in fear, and the grandmother begins to treat the Misfit with an almost caring respect, which he doesn’t buy, of course.   Her ultimate attempt to â€Å"save† the Misfit from sin fails, just as her attempt to win loyalty from her son by guilting him into doing her bidding fails.   However, she is forced into thinking about someone else, in this case the Misfit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† by Joyce Carol Oates tells the story of a tough talking teen girl who is constantly concerned with the appearance she projects to the outside world.   Her tough exterior is extremely believable, as many teens suffer from this underlying lack of confidence. However, her pursuit by the psychotic Arnold Friend forces her t realize that not everyone will fall for the tough and cool exterior. Arnold’s friendly exterior keeps her off guard just long enough for him to draw her in.  Ã‚   He knows that deep inside she is scared and eager to please; this is how he wins her ultimate and fatal compliance.   He had forced her to realize that she was not the tough chick she wanted to be, and she notes that she just felt empty.   The shell was cracked, and there was nothing inside.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both of these stories contrast the exterior of a person with his or her interior.   In the face of a perilous situation, both the Grandmother and Connie realize they cannot fall back on their usual game.   Both, then allow themselves to be victimized in the absence of any other choices.

The Millennium Development Goals Mdgs Sociology Essay

The Millennium Development Goals Mdgs Sociology Essay The Millennium Development Goals are an integrated set of eight goals and 18 time-bound targets for extending the benefits of globalization to the worlds poorest citizens. The goals aim to stimulate real progress by 2015 in tackling the most pressing issues facing developing countries poverty, hunger, inadequate education, gender inequality, child and maternal mortality, HIV/AIDS and environmental degradation. UNDP helps countries formulate national development plans focused on the MDGs and chart national progress towards them through the MDG reporting process (Wacc, 2006). In most developing countries, gender inequality is a major obstacle to meeting the MDG targets. In fact, achieving the goals will be impossible without closing the gaps between women and men in terms of capacities, access to resources and opportunities, and vulnerability to violence and conflict. Millennium Development Goal 3 is to promote gender equality and empower women. The goal has one target: to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005 and to all levels of education no later than 2015. Four indicators are used to measure progress towards the goal: the ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education; the ratio of literate women to men in the 15-to 24-year-old age group; the share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector; and the proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments. The existence of a separate goal on gender equality is the result of decades of advocacy, research and coalition-building by the international womens movement. Its very existence demonstrates that the global community has accepted the centrality of gender equality and womens empowerment to the development paradigm- at least at the rhetorical level. Gender inequality means inequality between men and women in accessing the existing resources (Saroukhani 1991:673). In the view of Krammara Treicehr any kind of behavior, policy, languages, and other actions that represents a fixed, comprehensive, and institutionalized view in regard to women as inferior beings, means gender inequality. (1985:185). Therefore, gender inequality refers to the differences between men and women in receiving social and economic advantages which is often to the benfit of men at the expense of women, which means men take superiority over women. Men and women experience the world of work quite differently. Wage disparities, occupational sex segregation, and gender differences in authority, for example, are well recognized (e.g., Padavic and Reskin 2002). Despite distinguished changes in work, meaningful differences in these areas remain persistent features of contemporary society (England 2006, 2010). While there are certainly other factors at play, this paper focuses on discrimination in a variety forms, including in hiring (Gorman 2005; Goldin and Rouse 2000), promotions (Olson and Becker 1983), wages (Meitzen 1986), glass ceiling, and as well as sexual harassment (Welsh 1999).Of course, documenting the contemporary occurrence of gender discrimination in employment is only a first step. As Reskin (2000, 320) argues, We need to move beyond demonstrating that employment discrimination exists, and investigate why it persists in work organizations. We must look at processes that lead to unequal outcomes for women and men. The real challenge is to uncover how discrimination unfolds in actual work settings. The issue of gender inequality can be considered as a universal feature of developing countries.One of the areas of disparity between males and females is related to the difference in their employment status which is present through occupational segregation, gender-based wage gaps, and womens unequal image in informal employment, unpaid work and higher unemployment rates (UNFPA, 2005). As women in developing countries have low status in the community, the activities they perform tend to be valued less; and womens low status is also perpetuated through the low value placed on their activities (March et al., 1999). In the case of Mauritius, even though there has been a rapid change in the society where women have reached a high level and hold status such as Judges, Directors, Engineers which were unconceivable to be the fields where women could emerged; there are still some occupation where women are entangled in the culture norms and could not take the lead. For example, there are some sectors such as Fire Men at the Fire Services where there are no female officers. There are less women who work as Electrician, Plumber or even Carpenter, as these occupations do not allow women to perform well due to their physical strength. Besides there is no doubt that there are organisations which are gender biased. Most of the organisations are entirely rules by male managerial culture as when organisations were first performed; only males were in the paid workforce.   Despite there has been an increased in the education field at all level and the increase of women in the workforce, there has been a minor change to the men dominated culture in the workplace where women are still treated as inferior agents. Our study focused on how gender inequality still has an impact on the Mauritian female within the workplace. General context An Overview of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries The issue of gender inequality can be considered as a universal aspect of developing countries. Unlike women in developed countries who are, in relative terms, economically empowered and have a powerful voice that demands an audience and positive action, women in developing countries are generally silent and their voice has been stifled by economic and cultural factors. Economic and cultural factors, together with institutional factors state the gender-based division of labour, rights, responsibilities, opportunities, and access to and control over resources. Education, literacy, access to media, employment, decision making, among other things, are some of the areas of gender disparity. One of the areas of disparity between males and females is related to the difference in their employment status which is distinct by occupational segregation, wage inequality, and womens unequal representation in informal occupation, unpaid work and higher unemployment rates (UNFPA, 2005). As women in developing countries have low status in the community, the activities they perform tend to be valued less; and womens low status is also perpetuated through the low value placed on their activities (March et al., 1999). In-depth analysis of DHS by Hindin (2005) showed that only 17% of women in Zimbabwe, 12% in Zambia and 4% in Malawi have higher status job than their partners. The respective percentages of women whose partners have higher status jobs are 52, 43 and 53. Women are also overrepresented in the informal sector. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 84% of womens non-agricultural employment is informal compared to 63% of mens. The figure is found to be 58% and 48% for women and men, respectively in Latin America (UNFPA, 2005). Studies generally show that women are more likely to be engaged in work which is for longer hours than men. For instance, in 18 of the 25 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, greater than 50% of women were employed and even in six of these countries the percentage of employed women was greater than 75% (Mukuria et al.,2005). However, as most of the employed women work in agricultural and other activities which are mostly considered to be having limited or no financial returns, their employment does not contribute much to their status in the workplace. Thus, women in those countries are dependent on their partners in most aspects of their life. In spite of its importance in enabling women to get access to information about personal health behaviours and practices, household, and community, the percentage of women exposed to different types of media is limited in most developing countries. Womens limited access to education, employment opportunity, and media, attached with cultural factors, reduces their decision making power in the society in general and in a household in particular. Regarding their participation in decision making at national level, though the number of women in national parliaments has been increasing, no country in the world has yet achieved gender parity. According to the millennium indicators data base of the United Nations, cited in the UNFPA (2005), the percentage of parliamentary seats held by women in 2005 was 16% at world level, 21% in developed countries, and 14% in developing countries. This low representation of women in national parliaments could be due, among others, to type of electoral systems in different countries, womens social, economic status and beliefs about womens place in the family and society, and womens double responsibilities for work and family (UNFPA, 2005). Women are underrepresented in the formal sector of employment. The survey conducted by the Central Statistical Authority (CSA, 2004) showed that women account for less than half (43%) of the total employees in the country. Considering the percentage of female employees from the total number of employees by employment type, the highest was in domestic activities (78%) and followed by unpaid activities (59.3%). In other types of formal employment (e.g. government, NGOs, private organizations), the percentage of female workers is less than 35. On the other hand, the survey showed overrepresentation of female workers in the informal sector. About 58% of working women work in the informal sector whereas the percentage of working men in the informal sector was 37.7 % (ibid).The breakdown of the federal government employees by occupational groups also indicated gender disparity. From federal government employees found in the clerical and fiscal type of jobs 71.3 % were female, while the percentage of females was slightly more than half (51%) in custodial and manual type of jobs. Women make up 25% and 18% of the administrative and professional and scientific job categories, respectively, indicating that upper and middle level positions are overwhelmingly dominated by men (Federal Civil Service Commission, 2005). This concentration of women in the informal sector and low level positions has implication on their earnings. In this regard, the survey showed four out of ten women civil servants earn Birr 300 a month compared to two out of ten for men (Federal Civil Service Commission, 2005).Ethiopian womens access to mass media is one of the lowest. In their DHS comparative report, Mukuria et al. (2005) show that, among 25 Sub-Saharan African countries. Chapter 2 Component of gender inequality-horizontal and vertical segregation Jonung (1984, p. 45) defines the presence of occupational gender segregation as when women and men are given different occupations that is reliable with their overall shares of employment, irrespective of the nature of job that they have. Gender segregation mean when the percentage of one gender is higher than that of males and females in an occupation. It reflects the gender differences in employment opportunity. The number of occupation with segregation against women is far greater than the number of occupations with segregation against men. Occupational gender segregation consists of two main component dimensions known as horizontal and vertical segregation (Blackburn et al, 2000). Horizontal segregation is known as under or over representation of certain group in the workplace which is not ordered by any criterion (Bettio and Verashchagina, 2009). According to Anker (1998) horizontal segregation is an absolute and universal characteristic of contemporary socio-economic systems. It focuses mainly when men and women possess different physical, emotional and mental capabilities. Such discrimination occurs when women are categorized as less intelligent, hormonal and sensitive (Acker 1990). Women are labeled as unreliable and dependent workers when they are pregnant. They are less competent as they will not work as long and hard as others. They become more stressful and sensible to tiny issues happen in the workplace. Martin (1994) declared that in masculine management style, most of the time women possess soft skills and men possess hard skills. It is this concept which creates gender segregation in the workplace. Vertical segregation referred to the under or over representation of a clearly identifiable group of workers in the workplace at the top of an ordering based on desirable attributes such as income, prestige, authority and power. Huffman (1995) finds that women do not possess enough supervisory authority at work, in education, occupational experience and prestige. One reason that women lack authority is because most women are more concentrated in female-dominated occupations which comprise fever position of authority than male-dominated occupations. Moreover, it is viewed that mens have greater status value, that is mens personality are more valuable than womens and they are much more skilled. (Broverman et al. 1972; Deaux and Kite 1987; Eagly 1987). Men possess more powerful position in the workplace (Bridges Nelson 1989). Womens wage rates are lower than mens even if their qualifications are similar. As women enter in the workplace, this reduces the level of prestige related with the task and men leave these occupations. Sex discrimination-discrimination, harassment and glass ceiling In many parts of the world, women have experienced breakthroughs in their rights in employment. Despite these advances, women from every country and culture continue to face sex discrimination and sexual harassment in the workplace. The international community has recognized both discrimination based on sex in the terms and conditions of employment and sexual harassment as violations of the fundamental human rights of women (Gudrun and Danya, 1998). Although sex discrimination is prohibited by law, it continues to be a widespread problem for working women. There are three forms of sex discrimination that have an effect on women in organizations: overt discrimination, sexual harassment and the glass ceiling. Each has negative effects on womens status and ability to perform well at work. Overt discrimination Overt discrimination is defined to make gender as a decisive factor for employment-related decisions. This type of discrimination was targeted by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited making decisions based on sex in employment-related matters such as hiring, firing, and promotions. It consist such behaviours as to refuse to hire women, to pay them inequitably or even to steer them to womens jobs. Overt discrimination also led to occupational sex segregation where jobs are classified by low pay, low status and short career ladders (Reskin, 1997). Sexual Harassment MacKinnon (1979:1) defined sexual harassment as the unwanted imposition of sexual requirements in the context of a relationship of unequal power. As in overt discrimination, sexual harassment is a persistent gendered problem for women in the workplace around the world. Sexual harassment is a type of sex discrimination, but one manifestation of the larger problem of employment-related discrimination against women. It now appears obvious that sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination. There are three psychological dimensions of sexual harassment that continued to persist worldwide: sexual coercion, gender harassment and useless sexual attention ((Fitzgerald et al., 1995; Gelfand et al., 1995). The case of sexual harassment in the workplace is mainly due to obtain more power and status than the opposite sex (e.g., Baugh, 1997; McKinney, 1992; Piotrkowski, 1998; Riger, 1991; Welsh, 1999) Statistical discrimination is another form of sex discrimination in the workplace, it consists of sex-typed job assignment (i.e. error discrimination-Aigner Cain 1977, England McCreary 1987, Bielby Baron 1986a). For example, employers put men into jobs which consist physical demands and women into jobs demanding social skills (Bielby Baron 1984, Farkas et al 1991). However, employers introduce gender segregation in job assignments exceeds technical or economic justifications: within the mixed-sex occupations that either sex could presumably perform, small differences in job requirements were accompanied by large differences in sex composition (Bielby Baron 1986a:782). The Glass ceiling The term the glass ceiling was coined in a 1986 Wall Street Journal report on corporate women. The glass ceiling is a concept that most frequently refers to invisible or artificial barriers that do not allow women from advancing past a certain level in corporations, government, education and nonprofit organization (Federal Glass Ceiling Commission -FGCC, 1997; Morrison and von Glinow, 1990). These barriers reflect discrimination a deep line of demarcation between those who prosper and those left behind. The glass ceiling is the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keeps minorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements (Federal Glass Ceiling Commission 1995b:4; emphasis added). This official description suggests that the definition of glass ceiling must know that it reflects job inequality that is unexplained by a persons past qualifications or achievements; it reflects labor market discrimination, not ju st labor market inequality. For the purpose of this study, the glass ceiling concept is discussed regarding women who suffer from discrimination in the workplace. The usual method to know where there is discrimination is to look for inequalities that are unexplained by prior personality of the employees. Inequalities that originate from past discrimination in education or training or from choices that people make to pursue nonmarket goals such as family, volunteer work or leisure are not generally measured as part of a glass ceiling. Therefore, glass ceiling inequality represents a gender or racial difference that is not explained by other job-relevant characteristics of the employee. The glass ceiling is a third type of discrimination that affects women in the workplace and it is an important factor for women who do not get enough access to power and status in organizations. It also includes gender stereotypes, lack of opportunities for women to get promotion and prevent women to get higher income than men.

Mixed Martial Arts Essay -- Sports Mixed Martial Arts History Essays

Mixed Martial Arts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First off mixed martial arts is what it sounds like. It is a session between two opponents who have trained or cross trained in martial arts. Although mixed martial arts in not a mainstream sport, there is no reason why it should be banned in any state here in the United States. Like most, if not all sports, there are rules that one most abide by , the fights are sanctioned, so rules must apply. There are regulations and weight classes much like other sports. Mixed martial arts is considered to be the ultimate fighting method. To be considered an accomplished fighter you have to have skills in striking, take downs, submissions, stamina, but most of all you need heart.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Mixed martial arts, or MMA, started back in the United States in 1993, and over 70 year ago in other countries. â€Å"The first mixed martial arts organization in the United States was the Ultimate Fighting Champion or UFC. Japan's biggest mixed martial arts organization is PrideFC, which started back in 1997,† (Doty 13). These may be the two largest mixed martial arts companies in the world. Back then and still today mixed martial arts have been the subject of arguable political debate. The people against mixed martial arts have had many arguments against the sport in the early to mid 90s. It even convinced several states to ban the sport. This was because when mixed martial arts first started there was little to no rules. This was a one-event night tournament, where any fighters that signed up would fight numerous matches in one night, in a single elimination style tournament until one champion was named. Two men entered an octagon arena and did whatever they had to do to knock out, or tap out their opponent. Mixed martial arts fighters could not bite, eye gouge, or fish hook, and fights could only end with a referee's stoppage, a knock out, or submission (Royce 6). Basically it was a street fight without weapons. In 2001 a major factor in the comeback of the sport, and the return of the sport to pay-per-view was the employ of a new set of rules. The unified rules of mixed martial arts combat, as drafted in New Jersey, and later adopted in Nevada 2001 were a welcome change to the sport. â€Å"The new rules featured five weight classes, rounds, time limits, a list of over 31 fouls, and eight possible ways for the fight to end,†(Walter, grapplearts.com). The unified ... ... Its fans and fighters can be found all over the country. They represent every race and class of people in the United States. They are teachers, student, attorneys, truck drivers, accountants, ministers, soldiers, doctors, police officers, and family members. They are as much American as the fans and athletes involved in any other sport that is popularly and culturally accepted by the people of the United States of America. They are not savages, barbarians or criminals, or are they a collection of social deviants and miscreants as people like John McCain would have the voting public believe. They are simply people who enjoy a sport that is misunderstood and as a result, feared and hated. With this stated, MMA should be completely legalized in the United States. Work Cited Doty, Edward. Life in The Cage. New York, NY: EZboard Inc, 1998. Hester, Todd. "Wanderlei Silva." Grappling May 2004 36-40, 91,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  92, 97, 98. Royce, Gracie. "What it Takes to be a Fighter." Grappling. May   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004 6-7. Walter, Donald. Mixed Martial Arts: Ultimate Sport, or Ultimately   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Illegal? . 8 Dec. 2003. . 21 Apr. 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .

Diagnostic Tests for Agents of Community- Acquired Pneumonia Essay

Worldwide, lower respiratory tract infections are the major cause of death due to an infectious disease. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is possibly the most important infectious disease that is encountered in clinical practice. Most forms of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are treatable. There is consensus that the selection of antimicrobial agents is notably simplified if the pathogen is defined. This article will focus on how aetiological tests can be used to guide antibiotic therapy in adult patients with CAP. The role of aetiological testing for antimicrobial therapy in CAP A major role of aetiological testing in CAP is to enable the use of pathogen-directed therapy, and thus reduce the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and improve the outcome in patients. It has been suggested that the antibiotic therapy should be started within 4 h of hospital admission [4, 8], hence rapid tests with a shorter analysis time can be used to influence the choice of first-line antibiotic therapy. Rapid tests include, sputum gram strain, urinary antigen tests, and real-time PCR for respiratory pathogens. Less rapid tests, such as cultures, conventional PCR for respiratory pathogens, and serology, may provide useful information that may support ongoing antibiotic therapy, support narrowing of broad-spectrum therapy, and support therapy changes in case of treatment failure [3]. Culture of blood and respiratory specimens may be important for the identification of unexpected or uncommon CAP aetiologies that the empirical treatment does not cover for, e.g., Pseudomonas spp., methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and other highly resistant pathogens. Culture remains a cornerstone of the diagnostic techniques, as it can provide information abou... ...ing to the BTS and Swedish guidelines [7,8]. Suggested strategy for diagnostic testing A strategy for diagnostic testing in hospitalized CAP patients is presented in Table 3. It is based on disease severity and presence/absence of prior antibiotic therapy. Conclusion In order to cure CAP patients without causing unnecessary side effects and without contributing to the development of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic therapy should be carefully selected. Although patients with severe CAP should be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, patients with non-severe CAP should preferably receive pathogen-directed therapy. While rapid aetiological tests may be useful for targeting initial pathogen-directed therapy, non-rapid tests may support switch from broad- to narrow-spectrum antibiotic therapy and support therapy changes in the case of treatment failure.

Essay --

Interest Groups â€Å"Interest groups organization of people sharing common objectives who energetically attempt to influence government policymakers through direct and indirect methods†. J. M. Molins and A. Casademunt, "Pressure Groups and the Articulation of Interests", in West European Politics, No. 4, 1998 This structure is designed so that interest groups would be a device of public influence on politics to generate changes, but would not intimidate the government much. Whether this is still the case or not is a significant question that we should find out. Interest groups play numerous different roles in the American political system, such as depiction, participation, education, and program monitoring. Representation is the purpose that we see most frequently and the function we routinely think of when we think of interest groups. Involvement is another role that interest groups play in our government, which is while they facilitate and support the contribution of their members in the political process. Interest groups also educate, by trying to enlighten both public officials and the public at large concerning matters of significance to them. Interest groups also keep way of how programs are functioning in the field and endeavor to influence government to take action when troubles become obvious when they monitor programs. The conventional interest groups have been organized around several form of economic origin, be it corporate interests, associates, or unions. The number of business-oriented lobbies has developed since the 1960s and continues to grow. Public-interest groups have as well grown extremely since the 1960s. Liberal groups started the trend, but traditional groups are now just as common, though some groups... ...e Role of Local Government and Citizens in the Democratic Process," National Civic Review, vol. 85, no. 3, Fall 1996. March, J.G. & J.P. Olsen (1998): `The Institutional Dynamics of International Political Orders,' 52:4 International Organization 943, Exploration and Contestation in the Study of World Politics, Cambridge, Mass: The MIT Press, pp. 303-329) March, J.G. & J.P. Olsen (2000): `Democracy and Schooling,' in L.M. McDonnell, P.M. Timpane & R. Benjamin (eds), Rediscovering the Democratic process of Education, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, pp. 148-173 Olsen, J.P. (1997): `Institutional Design in Democratic Contexts,' 5:3 The Journal Of Political Philosophy 203 Rokkan, S. (1999) (edited by P. Flora, with S. Kuhnle & D. Urwin): State Formation, Nation-Building and Mass Politics in Europe: The Theory of Stein Rokkan, Oxford: Oxford University Press

The Age of Faith Dbq

The Age of Faith The Middle Ages are commonly remembered for King Arthur tales, violent crusades, widespread illiteracy and the bubonic plague. Yet so much more is worthy of remembrance. The philosophers of â€Å"The Age of Reason† called the Middle Ages the â€Å"Age of Faith†. The Middle Ages were steeped in reason, logic, and natural philosophy. The Middle Ages is usually defined as the period between the fall of the last Roman emperor in the West (476 A. D. ) and the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453) or the discovery of America (1492). During the Middle Ages, the Church was almost as powerful as the government itself. The Age of Faith is the time in which the Church called for the first Crusade, philosophy flourished in the midst of chaos, and the Church expanded and gained more power. In Pope Urban II’s Call for the First Crusade Pope Urban is calling for Christians to fight in the name of God. The reason being that in the Middle East the Turks and Arabs were persecuting the Christians. The invaders killed and captured the Christians, and destroyed the churches. The Call for the Crusade was a result of a request sent by Emperor Alexios I Komnenos to Pope Urban in 1095. The Emperor asked of the Pope for aid against further invasions. In return for fighting in the Crusade, the Pope promised all who died, by land or by sea, or against the pagans, would have immediate remission of his sins. The remission of sin was a driving factor and provided any God-fearing man who had committed sins with an irresistible way out of eternal damnation in hell. Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe from about ad 400–1400, roughly the period between the fall of Rome and the Renaissance. In Medieval Europe by H. C Davis, the accomplishments of the Middle Ages are called to mind. Its culture, specifically the philosophy, flourished even though there were a number of negative factors influencing them. Christianity was an important stimulus to philosophical activity. Its ideas and doctrines constituted a rich source of philosophical provocation. Medieval philosophy, therefore, took root in an intellectual world sustained by the Church and infused with Christianity’s texts and ideas. At the time, he Church was the most powerful influence, almost more so than the government. The government and the Church were almost as one in the same. And that was evident in the philosophies that stemmed from that perspective. The Church was at its peak of power in all of its history. It was that that inspired all the philosophers of that time to reflect and define the world with that mindset; the Church was center of everything in life. In Europe during the Middle Ages the only r ecognized religion was Christianity, in the form of the Catholic religion. The lives of the Medieval people of the Middle Ages was dominated by the church. From birth to death, whether you were a peasant, a serf, a noble a lord or a King – life was dominated by the church. The lives of many Medieval people were dedicated to the Catholic church and religion. In The Monastic Vows of Brother Gerald, Gerald is promising when he becomes a monk to, in a sense give up his life. When you undertake the vow to become a monk, you give up your family and worldly possessions in return for a live of purity, chastity, and poverty. The Truce of God outlines the church’s attempt to decrease the amount of sins that are being committed and restore the peace slowly through a form of a peace decree. This is just one example of the church demonstrating its new power. With its own laws, lands and taxes the Catholic church was a very powerful institution which had its own laws and lands. The Catholic Church also imposed taxes. In addition to collecting taxes, the Church also accepted gifts of all kinds from individuals who wanted special favors or wanted to be certain of a place in heaven. The power of the Catholic Church grew with its wealth. The Catholic Church was then able to influence the kings and rulers of Europe. Opposition to the Catholic Church would result in excommunication. This meant that the person who was excommunicated could not attend any church services, or receives the sacraments and would go straight to hell when they died. The Church was at its height of secular power during the Middle Ages, or the Age of Faith. The church was integrated into every part of Medieval life. In every way that it could, the church would make sure to make its power and influence known of. The Medieval church was corrupt, we can conclude nowadays but it was unknown to its followers then. The church used its power to keep its believers in fear and easier to bend to the church’s will. They accepted bribes and favors to reserve and promise you your seat and place in heaven. But, overall the church in the Middle Ages helped protect its holy land, expanded philosophy and contributed new knowledge on a variety of subjects, all the while ensuring its power as a secular leader. This, the extent of the church’s power, is why the Middle Ages are the Age of Faith.

Jungle Love Essay

The novel, â€Å"Jungle love novel†, was written by Margaret Johnson. This story is about two girls, Jennifer and Lisa, who took a trip to Belize and they both were in love with the same attractive man, Ian. Jennifer enjoyed nature and reading while Lisa liked talking too long. In Jennifer’s situation, she had another man, Pete. They planned to get married and then to move to the countryside to enjoy their life. However, she was very confused about their relationship. She loved Pete, but she wasn’t in love with Pete as much as with Ian. About Lisa, she wasn’t contented with what she had. She lived in the boring countryside with her mother but she always dreamed about living in a luxury flat in London. She knew what she wanted – a soul mate and moving to London. The ridiculous thing is they both were loved by Ian. He couldn’t choose whom he liked most because they were both attractive. These two girls began a war. When Jennifer and Lisa finally discovered that Ian was a big liar, they became reconciled and became good friends. The story ended up with Lisa receiving a phone call from her brother that her mother married an old man. Thus Lisa was able to start her new life in London. At the same time Jennifer broke the engagement with Pete. What a dramatic ending! I think Jennifer didn’t know exactly what she wanted and then made the situation worse and more complicated. Nevertheless, Lisa was confident and sure of what she wanted in life that she tried hard to realize it. The main idea is appearances can be deceptive. In my opinion, they shouldn’t trust man who said sweet words. They both were abused by Ian. Don’t judge only by appearances.

Race Without Color Essay

In this article written by Jared Diamond entitled â€Å"Race Without Color†, he explains about the difference of race in humanity and how humans should not be classified that way because there are too many variations. Depending on how a person looks, they would be put into a certain race categories such as â€Å"African blacks,† â€Å"whites,† â€Å"Mongoloids,† â€Å"aboriginal Australians†, and â€Å"Khoisans.† However, this classification of humans only affect how we view others; it does not involve our senses or who we are as a person. This can be discriminating. Anthropologists believe that humans should not be classified into a particular race. There are other ways to group humans, such as natural selection, sexual preferences, and fingerprints. Diamond goes on to explain how confusion may come up in classifications. In the human race, people in different races are visibly different. This also holds true in the animal world. He gives the example of a common bird, the yellow-rumped warbler. The bird’s throat color in the west is yellow and in the east is white. They have different songs and environmental preferences yet have the same name. Racial classification for these two birds is simple; the color of their throat, song, and their environment. However, their differences in these areas lead to different varied offspring. Some traits in animals alternate because of natural selection. Natural selection has to do with the survival in a particular environment. For example the hare who is white to blend in with snow so that it is invisible to predators. As humans, we live all over the world in different areas and climates. We have traits brought out by natural selection to adapt to the area we live in. Our skin color, body type, height, and hair color all play a role in the environment we live in. Thus is why race is not always a good way to describe cultural differences in humans. If we were to classify the human race by this different criteria, it would produce different groupings. Racial classifications are not a good way to describe biological differences in humans. If we were to classify races by body chemistry, it would be different than races defined by the color of our skin. When it comes to skin color, it plays a role in the climate. People look a certain way in certain parts of the world so that they can survive in that particular environment. For example, someone with very light skin would not do well in an environment with a lot of sun. Other traits have to do with sexual selection are our hair, eye color, and other beauty traits play a role in sexual preference. In America today, we don’t dye or hair or change our appearance to survive. It’s to become more sexually attractive. Science does not play a part in racial classification, but the way our body reacts to someone does. There is another way to classify humans and that is by fingerprint. To do this, everyone with the same pattern would be grouped together. However, fingerprints have nothing to do with survival. Fingerprints also have nothing to do with sexual preferences. There is no real function to a person’s fingerprint. There are certain traits in humans that play a function such as the color of our skin for survival. Others have no function such as fingerprints. Particular traits play a role in sexual preference, such as eye color or hair color. Science does not play a role in racial classification, but attraction does. Our body can tell us if we are attracted to someone or not. People now are more varied in appearance. Now, it is unnecessary to rank people with many difference appearances into a racial classification.

European learning institutions in the Middle Ages Essay

The Monastic schools provided the basis for the universities. The main purpose for the establishment of schools was to develop literacy in the society. Through the schools people were educated and hence became wiser. These schools led to the formation of universities as many individuals begun to pursue deeper meanings, verbal clarity and places for doing analysis. During the scholasticism period, the need for a place where intellectuals could do their studies increased greatly as the number of scholars and philosophers rose. Scholars started to analyze books and other information sources through reason and argumentation. Individuals who had gone through schooling had no place to further their studies and their number was increasing. This therefore led to the rise of universities as they provided a place for further studies. During the scholastic period there were many discoveries which were meant to enhance learning. The universities came up because of the need to have intellectuals together so that they can share ideas and opinions thereby leading to more discoveries. The university was a good place to do research and for individuals to learn from others. Additionally, individuals wanted to understand the Bible better and thus get closer to its truth. The university provided a good place where people could study the Bible and hence understand it better. Background of the students During this period, education was the privilege of the members of the upper classes and thus most of the students were from the upper classes in the society. There were few students from the lower classes who had the opportunity to have formal education. This could be attributed to insufficient educational resources thereby making them expensive and thus not affordable to the lower class members. Curriculum The schools curriculum was divided into two trivium and quadrivium. Trivium was composed of grammar, dialectic and rhetoric while qaudrivium contained geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music. In grammar, texts written by the Priscian who was a Latin grammarian were studied and applied. In dialectic, the works done by Aristotle were read while in rhetoric, the works of Cicero were studied. Arithmetic involved the study of multiplication and division, and in addition to that abacus and chronology were learned. Geometry mainly involved the study of Euclid while Astronomy involved studying the works of Bede and Pliny who was a Roman writer. In Music, the students were taught proportion, scale, ‘music of the spheres’ and the harmony of the universe. During the Charlemagne period education was mainly based on written texts (Cunningham & Reich, 2006). During the scholasticism period, learning was based on reasoning and argumentation. Books were chosen, read and subjected to investigation. Points of disagreements between books and other sources of information were written down and subjected to analysis using dialectics. Through the dialectics a common ground was found. During this period universities were formed and the curriculum of most universities primarily involved the study of philosophy, science, ancient culture and mathematics. In addition to studying the students were allowed to do research in their field of preference. The effects of formal educational institutions on the European society These institutions increased the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society. This can be attributed to background of the most students. Education was primarily the privilege of the upper class members and thus most of the lower class member never had the opportunity to have formal education. However, in spite of the gap in the society, the formal educational institutions provided the basis for more discoveries and developments in the European society. Through the institutions literacy in the society increased as more people improved their knowledge and skills. Additionally, the institutions reconciled different societies as translators and intermediaries were required. For instance, in translating Greek to English Muslims and Jews were utilized as translators and intermediaries. This therefore led to reconciliation between different religions as they dependent on each in enhancing learning. Furthermore, the learning institutions led to change in character as individuals begun to see things differently. This led to changes in the political scene as authoritative governments collapsed paving way for the democratic ones. Powers of the monasteries were reduced as democratic governments came into power. This is because more individuals understood their rights and hence started to fight for their rights. Word count: 717. Reference list Cunningham L. S. and J. Reich, (2006). Culture and values. Edition: 6. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 199.

Definition of Corruption Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Definition of Corruption - Literature review Example Such public servants take bribes before offering services to the large population that needs attention from them. The practice is high in government offices that deal with the processing of documents and public hospitals. Grand corruption This form of corruption is rampant in the highest ranks of the government. It is mostly perpetuated by high-ranking officials and is highly visible in authoritarian and dictatorial government settings. However, emerging democracies have embraced the division of labor in the government thus trying to combat the vice. The executive, judiciary and the legislature are therefore allowed to operate independently from each other. Systemic corruption This occurs where there is a widespread of corruption activities in the society mainly caused by weaknesses of an organization or governance process. It is encouraged by low pay in organizations, lack of honesty, impunity, monopolistic governance, discretional powers, and conflicting incentives. It includes ext ortion, embezzlement, and bribery of public officials. In this occurrence, corruption becomes a necessity for survival. The spread of corruption Corruption is widespread in society. It has corroded every aspect of our society ranging from government institutions to private institutions. Joseph in the book political corruption describes all institutions as being corrupt from the core (42). Right from childhood, children become corrupt because of the examples they see from the older generations. Hence, corruption can be said to be a deep-rooted problem in the society Philosophical issues related to corruption Corruption is a social problem in the world today. Due to corruption, innocent people suffer at the expense of corrupt leaders. Corruption has led to the following: Increase in poverty in the society Corruption is a game of survival for the fittest. The corrupt individuals are able to increase their income and safeguard their wealth as compared to middle class individuals. This h as led to increase in the gap between the rich and the poor. In countries where corruption is widespread, the level of economic development is very slow because funds that could have been used in the developments are lost. Hence, such countries remain poor. Lack of good health care and education In most of the developing countries, corruption has led to the under-utilization of government funds. Such funds could have assisted in the provision of health care. Most public hospitals are therefore left without medicines and qualified doctors. economic

From Failure to Promise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

From Failure to Promise - Essay Example This book is also a story of faith i.e. the author believes and therefore highlights how God transformed him from being his â€Å"ordinary self† to his â€Å"ideal self† and in the process directed him from failure to promise. This book has had a huge impact on me. It has made me see beyond my failures. I see hope and feel motivated after going through Dr. C. Moorer’s journey. This story tells us never to give up, i.e. do not be quitters. Life is full of opportunities and by keeping faith and following God’s guidance, anyone can reach unfathomable heights. Dr. Moorer belonged to a Christian family where, from the very beginning he had been taught the significance of education and trust in God in a person’s life. He was born of very hard working parents who had implanted in him strong work ethics. His father had always encouraged him to never give up in any situation and always fight back if you fail the first time around. It must have been the resul t of this that even after failing a semester in GMI Engineering and Management Institute, Dr. Moorer did not give up and came back with more determination to achieve his dream, i.e. being an engineer. He had to face many difficulties in the way leading to his dream job but again he proved himself to be a fighter and not a mere quitter. The result of his endurance was such that he landed up with a great job in a very reputed telecom company. Dr. Moorer did not stop at that. He left his job and completed his doctorate in business administration to earn for himself the title of a doctor, a huge honor. Throughout his journey, he followed the voices of the learned who taught him the significance of understanding God and making him a part of his plans. He believed and followed the teachings and claims of the Holy Scriptures. Cleamon realized that God was not just a story that he had learned during his childhood at the church, but he was for real. He felt His presence at every important po int in his life and that motivated and guided him to unconceivable heights. This story has made me look for my inner voice, try to connect to His voice and silently trust and obey it, in order to discover my real potential. I have learned the skill of endurance and I never give up on my dreams now. I believe and have included God in my plans and I now work honestly and diligently towards my dream of becoming a civil rights attorney one day. Another realization that I had while going through this book was that in this life we all live for our own selves, keep running and fighting for our unfulfilled dreams but, life is much more than that. If God has made us capable, then it is our duty to show Him some gratitude and we can do it by being His ideal son and for that we need to do something in order to improve the lives of at least some people of the society. At the moment I am a student but I try to do my bit by helping out in non-profit organizations, donate money or some possessions to the less fortunate etc. But, once I reach my desired level of professional success, I have certain plans which will at least help a section of the society. I have planned to start my mission by funding the education of at least one orphan. I then want to convey this thought to all my fellow colleagues, friends, relatives etc. and urge them to fund the education of

Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Business - Coursework Example In addition, it is the ability of accepting changes and novelty. Creativity is driven by individual’s interest, passion, and the existing market problem and not by external pressure. Additionally, creativity is made up of three component: innate motivation, creative thinking, and expertise. On the other hand, innovation is the implementation of a new idea that provides an entrepreneur with a competitive advantage. The element of innovation distinguishes a successful business from the rest. Therefore, innovation increases the business competitiveness through rejuvenating and redefining an existing idea. Creativity is subjective; it cannot be measured while an innovation is measurable. In the U.K., the beauty industry is a big business. There are numerous beauticians and beauty salons offering the beauty conscious populace with a large number of competent cosmetologists (Erdomus & Cicek, 2012, p.1354). In today’s world, women and men are increasingly becoming conscious of their looks. As a result, the demand for high-quality treatments and reliable beauticians is great. Mobile beauty shops provide treatment to customers at their homes. In addition, they provide reliable and accessible services to the clients. The business requires a beautician to travel to clients and provide them with beauty treatments in the comfort of their homes. In UK, the beauty industry is catching up with dynamics of modern day lives. An average middle-aged British woman spends over 40 hours per week on full time work. As a result, the demand for mobile grooming has rose dramatically. . In the U.K., the number of mobile beauty parlors is lower compared to countries such as the U.S. The existing mobile beauty shops are not enough to cover the ever rising for the grooming services. However, to venture into the business one must love the industry and must be ready to learn.

Free Will Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free Will - Essay Example This leads to the realization that in deed power inflicts corruption of the mind and absolute power corrupts the mind completely (Blaug 67). The statement that power has the ability to corrupt the mind has been vividly observed in almost every part of the world. Individuals in the opposition have proven to be some of the best leaders before assuming the throne. They articulate people’s grievances and would convince that they are the best to be mandated to lead the people, ironically, when they are eventually elected to power they change to be the known despots of the world (Curra 97). In support of these, the history of Adolf Hitler can serve as an example. Hitler was German who was incarcerated for many years allegedly for castigating the regime that was in power then, after serving his sentence, Hitler was unanimously endorsed to be the Germans king on premise that he had vehemently articulated people’s voices and out rightly was the best bet then (Lewis 56). Upon ass uming the office, Hitler turn to be driven by the ever-growing need to conquer the world by claiming every part of it to be German’s territory. ... This is a clear illustration that power can corrupt the mind to an extent that it insulates critical analysis of one’s actions and impact negatively to the society or a nation at large. With reference to power as a way of corrupting the mind Hitler is not the only culprit, there are other world’s leaders who have acquired the title ‘despots’ by the way they managed power, the long list includes people like Pol Pot (Cambodian dictator) and Slobodan Milosevic of Yugoslavia (Lewis 204). At the helm of power, all these leaders demonstrated radical change in perception thus enabling us to construe that they were corrupted by power The notion that power corrupts the mind is a blanket accusation that cannot be used to include every leader who has been at the helm of power. We have very many leaders starting from grassroots level to the national level who have served in their capacities diligently with honesty and the rule of the law negating the fact that with the onset of power what follows is the corruption of the mind (Lewis 215). Again, when enumerating leaders who have shown deviance while in power, the proportion of the leaders who perfect this is negligible compared to the entire population. It is becoming necessary that we critically understand the relation between power and individuality, power itself cannot corrupt the mind, but the mind can corrupt power (Curra 198). It should then be construed the other way round. Before we relate power to the corruption of the mind, we should first have all the fundamentals of power that directly influences leader in power to depict contrary behaviors and without these, it will be elusive to admit that power affects leaders negatively. The other

Contracts & Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contracts & Procurement - Essay Example This hotel will have the main reception, lounge bar, restaurant and function/conference facilities. Apart from this, there is a proposal to construct two extension buildings. One of these will be utilised to accommodate 100 bedrooms and associated facilities, while the second one will be used to house a country club consisting of a swimming pool, sports hall and gym with associated facilities such as reception, changing areas, bar and a bistro restaurant. A part of the remaining land will be used to build a golf course. The existing Whitegates Lodge will be converted to a clubhouse. development is complete. With their expertise and market experience, the directors are sure to attract more clientele, increasing revenue considerably. However, they are grounded by the fact that they do not have the necessary skills to successfully manage the design and construction of their proposed project. They have limited awareness of the various reviews of the problems of the construction industry, and the resulting recommendations to solve them. They seek the professional guidance of Richard Arton Associates, a famous project management consultancy in that locality. The consortium is aware that they must keep in mind the consequence of such a project within the local area and are keen to use the development stage to create a positive image within it. A prestigious, high quality development, the directors are prepared to meet the financial costs to see this project take-off. However, they don't the cost to escalate and lead to operational complications later on as has happened on many high profile projects, but would like the project to be completed early so that their venture can begin to generate income from the facility. 2.0 Introduction There are many factors that can help implement a project successfully. Of these, we can broadly base the most important categories under: 1. Project-related factors 2. Project procedures 3. Project management actions 4. Human-related factors 5. External environment Heriot developments are in the process of launching their prestigious hotel and club project. They have acquired a prime property which was earlier owned by the Watt family. The 35 acre property came along with two buildings that could be used to begin the consortium's business launch. This is a major boost to the consortium's plan to set up a hotel and club there. The fact that the Watt property provided ample space to innovate and was located on the peripheral of the town gave Heriot developers unrestricted access to movement of machinery and labour. There would be no sort of obstruction of city life, which could have been a thorn in their flesh. On the whole, the property that the partners bought from the Watt's is definitely worthwhile. The recommendations of the directors of Heriot, who are all by profession, experienced caterers and other wings of the hospitality industry, to start a hotel and club is most feasible.

The Impact on the Home Economics Movement Assignment

The Impact on the Home Economics Movement - Assignment Example Beecher wrote one of the first texts in home economics, namely, A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841) and The Domestic Receipt Book (1846). Her definition of essential household knowledge included maintenance of good health. Booker Taliaferro Washington was an African American educator of the 19th and early 20th centuries. He had a major influence on the black public affairs till his death in 1915. In 1881 he founded Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, making it the best supported black educational institution in the U.S by 1900. He cemented his influence by his famous autobiography, Up From Slavery (1901), his celebrated dinner at Whitehouse, found the National Negro Business League and as the chief black advisor of presidents William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt. Juliet Corson was a pioneer in cookery education. She was born in 1841 and died in 1897. Corson set up the first fully equipped cooking school in the US in 1975. She did this in the belief that every woman should be able to understand how to manage a kitchen whether she did her cooking. She wrote numerous books on cooking. Her first was, The Cooking Manual of Practical Directions for Economical Everyday Cookery. Known as one of the founders of the science of Home Economics, Maria was the founder of Bethel Public Library. She was born in Massachusetts in 1843. She was orphaned early and started cooking in homes and career. She published her first book in 1872, named The Appledore Cook Book. She published camp cookery in 1878. Sarah Rorer, fondly known as Sallie was born in 1849 in Pennsylvania. Over the course of her life, she worked as an editor, magazine columnist, and cookbook author. Her work has a focus on food and the body, especially the malnourished. She is best known for her collections: Mrs. Rorer’s New Cook Book. Isabel Bevier became part of the domestic science  movement but was committed to its goals and philosophy.