Alexander Graham Bell :: essays research papers

Alexander Graham bell was a very important man, not only to Canada but to the whole world as well, and it was not an easy road to success. His contributions to the world of communication were unmatched by any one. This essay will be arguing the facts about Bell that have been stated through 3 main topics, which are, Bell’s contribution to deaf people. Graham Bell made a contribution to the communication world. Finally he ran into many problems while in innovations were occurring. Alexander made an extremely large contribution to the deaf people by doing many things. Before he was born Alec’s father was trying to develop a method of speech for deaf people while this experimenting was going on he had a son who little did he know would rock the world with the invention of the phone. During his early years Bell and his father perfected this method of visible speech for the deaf. Alexander invented a glove whit visible speech letters printed on different parts of the glove so when touched by different fingers spelled different words. He and his family toured around the country showing this item off and soon gained much respect. After bell moved to Canada he decided that this glove was not enough. Soon he opened schools meant specifically for the deaf people to learn and there are still some schools to this day that have been founded by Bell just for deaf people. During one of his many visits to one of his school he met a young student by the name of Mabel Hu bbard “I have discovered that my interest in my dear pupil… has ripened into a far deeper feeling'; (always inventing, 28) this caused some controversy between the two families because of the significant age difference and the fact the she was deaf, also they didn’t want them to have kids for there was a possibly of deafness being hereditary (Alexander Graham Bell An Inventive Life, 16). Also people in the community were talking about how Bell was going to marry a deaf girl, but despite this wishes of the families the got married and had children who turned out fine. Mabel describes her first meeting wit Bell “I did not like him. He was tall, with jet black hair and eyes but dressed badly and carelessly in an old fashion suit… he seemed hardly a gentleman'; (Alexander Graham Bell An inventive life, 16).

Madurai Essay

Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world with a recorded history from 3rd century BC. [3]Megasthenes visited Madurai during 3rd century BC, with the city referred as â€Å"Methora† in his accounts. [9] The view is contested by some scholars as they believe â€Å"Methora† refers to the north Indian city of Mathura as it was a large and established city in the Mauryan Empire. [15] The city is also mentioned in Kautilya’s (370–283 BC)[16] Arthashastra. Madurai finds mention in the works of Roman historians Pliny the Younger (61 – ca. 12 CE), Ptolemy (ca. 90 – ca. CE 168), those of the Greek geographerStrabo(64/63 BCE – ca. 24 CE). and also in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea After the Sangam age, most of present day Tamil Nadu, including Madurai, came under the rule of the Kalabhras dynasty, who were ousted by the Pandyas around 590 CE. The Pandyas were outsted from Madurai by the Chola dynasty during the early 9th century. The city remained under control of the Cholas until the early 13th century, when the second Pandyan empire was established with Madurai as its capital. After the death of Kulasekara Pandian (1268–1308 CE), Madurai came under the rule of the Delhi Sultanate. , The Madurai Sultanate, then seceded from Delhi functioned as an independent kingdom till its gradual annexation by the Vijayanagar Empire in 1378 CE. Madurai became independent from Vijayanagar in 1559 CE under the Nayaks. Nayak rule ended in 1736 CE and Madurai was repeatedly captured several times byChanda Sahib (1740 – 1754 CE), ArcotNawab and Muhammed Yusuf Khan (1725 – 1764 CE) in the middle of 18th century. In 1801, Madurai came under the direct control of the British East India Company and was annexed to the Madras Presidency. The British government made donations to the Meenakshi temple and participated in the Hindu festivals during the early part of their rule. The city was devolved as a political and industrial complex through the 19th and 20th centuries to become a district headquarters of a larger Madurai district. With the effect of urbanisation, the temple no longer retained the unitary form, but continued to remain the centre for Hindus. In 1837, under the order of the then collector John Blackburn, the fortifications around the temple were demolished to accommodate the growing population of the city. The moat was drained and the debris was used to construct the new streets – Veli, Marat and Perumaal Mesthiri streets. The city was constituted as a municipality in 1866 CE. The British government faced initial hiccups in land ceiling and tax collection in Madurai and Dindigul districts under the direct administration of the officers of the government. The district at large was resurveyed between 1880 and 1885 CE and settled between 1885 and 1893 CE. The survey showed an under assessment of around 8 per cent in the old survey. Five municipalities were constituted in these two districts and six taluk boards were derived for local administration. Police stations were established with Madurai city as the headquarters of the District Superintendent. It was in Madurai, in 1921, that Gandhi, pre-eminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India, adopted loin cloth for the first time as his mode of dress after seeing agricultural labourers wearing it. [29] The independence movement in Madurai was led by leaders such as N. M. R. Subbaraman and Mohammad Ismail Sahib.

Everything is Illuminated-Jonathan Safran Foer

Introduction – The consequences of the grandparents' silence Many people have to bear heavy psychological burdens from the second world war without talking to anybody about their experiences. Because of the terrible war-experiences many of these people have a stubborn point of view, a total indifference towards new subjects and an incomprehensible behavior (cf. Bode 18). Moreover many â€Å"war-grandchildren† indicate huge problems with their parents and / or grandparents (cf. Bode 13). Furthermore many â€Å"war-grandchildren† tell about an uncertain awareness of life and their general lack of assurance (cf.Bode 13).The sentence â€Å"My own parents don't know who I really am† is not a rare occurrence (cf. Bode 17). Lots of these people are looking for the trails of their families' past and therefore try to research on their own behavior (cf. Bode 14). Dealing with the past and self-discovery are the main themes of the book â€Å"Everything is Illuminate d† from Jonathan Safran Foer. A following Analysis and Interpretation will show the process of coming to terms with the past and the self-discovery of the protagonists Jonathan Safran Foer, Alexander Perchow and his grandfather. The heavy searchThe following quotation from Cicero goes in line with Alex's and Jonathan's point of view. â€Å"Not to know what happened before you were born is to be a child foreverâ€Å". Jonathan, an American Jew, goes in quest of a woman, Augustine, who apparently saved his grandfather in the second world war from the Nazis. Jonathan particularly wants to find the small Jewish village Trachimbrod where the whole story of his family started. This search ends up in the Ukraine. With the help of the Russian interpreter Alex and his grandfather he wants to discover the history of his family.Pilgrimage is a centuries-old tradition and an important possibility of looking for one's roots and for one's self-discovery (cf. Và ¶kler). Jonathan takes a p hoto with him depicting his grandfather and a young woman (the woman who rescued him from the Nazis). The idea of his grandfather loving this young woman seems incredible to him, because he can't imagine that his grandfather loved other women than his grandmother. â€Å"It seems so improbable that he could have loved her. But isn't there something strange about the picture, the closeness between them, even though they're not looking at each other?The way that they aren't looking at each other. The distance† (Everything is Illuminated 61). â€Å"Part of me wants him to have loved her, and part of me hates to think it† (Everything is Illuminated 61). Jonathan notes everything in his diary he experiences during the journey. He points out that putting his thoughts down in writing releases him (cf. Và ¶kler). Alex tells that the less they see on the journey, the more he writes down (cf. Everything is Illuminated 115).This is also for coming to terms with the past and for h is self-discovery, he wants to capture every little experience of this voyage to get closer to his past and to get enough subjects for his story about his ancestors, that he writes after the journey. Ashamed Jonathan is a very dissatisfied person, he is dissatisfied with himself. This arises when Alex says that there is a darkness in Jonathan's laugh and when they both talk about their future (cf. Everything is Illuminated 69). When Alex says to Jonathan that he's a writer, he denies it at first, furthermore Jonathan doesn't want to admit that he has already published books (cf.Everything is Illuminated 69).The following dialog between Alex and Jonathan proves that Jonathan is everything else but self-satisfied. â€Å"I would love very much to read your stories. † â€Å"You probably won't like them. † â€Å"Why do you say that? † â€Å"I don't even like them. † (Everything is Illuminated 69). When Alex asks him for the reason of his writing, Jonathan answ ers that he used to think he was born to write but in the same moment he denies it again (cf. Everything is Illuminated 69-70). Jonathan feels that the sentence â€Å"I'm born to write† sounds cheap and terrible and he finds it hard to express himself (cf.Everything is Illuminated 70). He says that he wants to do something he's not ashamed of – not proud – just not ashamed (cf. Everything is Illuminated 70). The self-discovery Jonathan is a â€Å"war-grandchild† and his behavior perfectly goes in line with the statement that many â€Å"war-grandchildren† have an uncertain awareness of life and a general lack of assurance. These problems change at the end of their journey. Although they think they don't find Augustine nor get to know anything about Jonathan's grandfather, Jonathan finds himself because he discovers the trails of his family, Trachimbrod.He writes a fictive story about his ancestors that takes place in Trachimbrod, therefore he puts t he past behind and focuses up on his future. Jonathan can finally be happy. The self-confident young man Alex's development is much more discernible than Jonathan's and the process of his self-discovery is much clearer as well. Alexander Perchow lives with his parents, his brother and his grandfather in Odessa in Russia. In the beginning, the reader gets the impression of Alex as a tall, popular and self-confident young man. â€Å"I am unequivocally tall.I do not know any women who are taller than me† (Everything is Illuminated 3). â€Å"I have an aristocratic smile and like to punch people† (Everything is Illuminated 4). Alex says that he has many girls and that they all want to have sex with him, moreover he mentions that he often visits famous clubs (cf. Everything is Illuminated 2). It becomes obvious that Alex is looking for recognition by his family. For example his father asks him about his knowledge of English and he says that he speaks fluently although he doe sn't, he only wants to make his parents proud (cf.Everything is Illuminated 4). The relationship to the grandfather Alex is worried about his grandfather crying at night but this problem is hushed-up in the family. He doesn't talk a lot with his grandfather but when he does, it sounds always queer to him (cf. Everything is Illuminated 110). Alex is afraid of being alone with his grandfather because there is a distance between them and he knows that there is something wrong with this old man. His grandfather is hiding something that happened in the war.Because of this supposition Alex asks himself which terrible things he had done during the war (cf. Everything is Illuminated 74). Alex doesn't really know his grandfather, neither his real personality nor his past but his sadness frightens him a lot. When Alex's Grandfather talks for the first time about his parents he is astonished and does not know how to react. â€Å"It was the first occasion that I heard Grandfather speak of his parents, and I wanted to know very much of them† (Everything is Illuminated 111). â€Å"But I felt that it was a common decency for me to be quiet on the matter.He would speak when he needed to speak, and until that moment I would persevere silence† (Everything is Illuminated 111). This is a proof of the respect of the post-war generations towards the war-generation but also a proof for the interest in the past of Alex's grandfather. The â€Å"war-grandchildren† feel awkward about confronting the older generation with anything (cf. Bode 20). The relationship between them improves when the grandfather told Alex and Jonathan about his tragedy that happened in the war because therefore Alex can finally understand the sadness of his grandfather.At the end of the book, when Alex is at the beach and his grandfather tries to find him to ask for money it is the first time it doesn't feel weird to talk to his grandfather and the oppressive atmosphere doesn't exist anymore (cf. Everything is Illuminated 217). When his grandfather asks him not to tell anybody about his request for money, Alex feels relieved. â€Å"It had not occurred to me until he uttered it, but we have a secret. We have a thing amid us that no one else in the world knows, or could know. We have a secret together, and no longer asunder† (Everything is Illuminated 217).America, the last hope? Alexander has the dream of a better life in America and when his father asks him to travel with and translate for Jonathan, he can't wait to see an American. Alex wants to improve his life and wants to show that he also could be an American and become an accountant (cf. Everything is Illuminated 28). During the journey Alex asks Jonathan a lot about America and he tells him that Odessa is a city like Miami, although both know that Odessa isn't like Miami at all, but Alex doesn't want to make the impression that his life isn't very special.During their journey it gets clear that Alex isn't the self-confident, popular young man he pretends to be, one indication for this statement is when Alex says that he and Jonathan are like friends and therefore he feels entirely good for the first time he can remember (cf. Everything is Illuminated 72). Furthermore, at the end of the journey Alex says that he isn't a smart person and in a letter to Jonathan he admits that he mistakenly thought it might be more impressive pretending to be very tall (cf. Everything is Illuminated 24).These statements would have been impossible at the beginning and it shows a developing process. Alex doesn't deceive himself anymore (cf. Everything is Illuminated 179). In his letters to Jonathan he tells the whole truth and doesn't want to delude himself and others. He admits that he doesn't go to famous discotheques but spends many hours alone at the beach (cf. Everything is Illuminated 52), he also admits that he never became intimate with a girl (cf. Everything is Illuminated 144). Moreover Alex re alizes that he will never move to America nor visit the States (cf.Everything is Illuminated 241). The conflict The following dialog between Alex and his father at the beginning of the book proves that Alex is very dissatisfied with his life, that their point of views vary a lot and that his father doesn't know who his own son really is. â€Å"Why is it that I cannot go forth to America after I graduate? † â€Å"If you want to know why you cannot go forth to America, it is because Great-Grandfather was from Odessa, and Grandfather was from Odessa, and Father, me, was from Odessa, and your boys will be from Odessa.Also, you are going to toil at Heritage Touring when you are graduated. It is a necessary employment, premium enough for Grandfather, premium enough for me, and premium enough for you. † â€Å"But what if that is not what I desire? What if I do not want to toil at Heritage Touring, but instead toil someplace where I can do something unordinary, and make very much currency instead of just a petite amount? † (Everything is Illuminated 28-29). The relationship between Alex and his father is very bad, his father isn't important to him and he hates him because of his drinking problem (cf.Everything is Illuminated 103,145), but at the beginning of the book he has not the courage to resist. This changes the first time when Alex's father told him to come home with a girl after going to a club but Alex refuses to and just said â€Å"shut up† (cf. Everything is Illuminated 214). The second time Alex resists his father is at the end of the book, Alex asks his father to leave the family and never come back, he also flings not seeing him as a father in his teeth and gives him the money he originally saved for America (cf. Everything is Illuminated 274).This is the high point of the development of Alex's self-discovery. He frees himself of his father, doesn't lie to anyone anymore and especially not to himself. The transgenerational tran smission If parents from the war-generation didn't come to terms with their psychological injuries, according to Brisch, it could lead to a â€Å"transgenerational transmission of traumatic experiences, although the following generation itself wasn't exposed such trauma†. Therefore the consequences could be serious for children of the war-children (cf. Bode 80). This statement goes for the grandfather.He suffers from a depression because his wife died two years ago and since then he claims that he is blind (cf. Everything is Illuminated 5). The grandfather is blind in a different way, he can't stand to face the past and without his wife he doesn't have her support anymore, his life doesn't make sense anymore and he has no one to take his mind off the terrible war experiences. It gets clear that not only the death of his wife nags him, the roots of his sadness lie far deeper than that. The grandfather is the keeper of a dreadful secret that eventually destroys him and his depr ession deepens during the journey (cf.Everything is Illuminated 25). This is because â€Å"the journey becomes very painful to grandfather, because it forces him to relive terrible events and admit the things he's done† (cf. docstoc). The turn When Jonathan, Alex and the grandfather find the woman of whom they think she was Augustine, the grandfather's behavior changes in a jiffy. For the first time in the book he laughs with all his heart. â€Å"He was smiling so much, and I am not lying if I tell you that I had never seen him smile so much since grandmother was alive† (Everything is Illuminated 147-148).It becomes obvious that Alex's grandfather and Augustine become fond of each other and the impression that both know each other is given. The woman denies being Augustine but everyone feels certain about it. Alex recognizes her from the picture of Jonathan's grandfather and the grandfather says something interesting that is attributable to his own behavior. â€Å"It was her eyes that let me understand that she was, without a query, the Augustine from the picture† (Everything is Illuminated 148). â€Å"We must help her to remember. Many people try so rigidly to forget after the war that they can no longer remember† (Everything is Illuminated 151).The same is for the grandfather, he suppresses his past as well but with the return to his former home, the finding of Augustine and the questioning grandchild, he has no choice but telling the truth sooner or later. The truth When Augustine tells about two men, Herschel and Eli, who used to be best friends but Eli kills Herschel, the grandfather gets furious (cf. Everything is Illuminated 152). In this situation it gets clear that Augustine knows more about the grandfather than Alex and further that they know each other. The grandfather was called Eli prior to the second world war, but because of a tragedy he renamed himself Alexander.Eli tried to become someone else after the terrible thi ng he had done in the war. After leaving Augustine's place, grandfather admits the whole truth about his past. The Jew Herschel lived with Eli and his wife in Kolki, a village near to Trachimbrod. He used to be Eli's best friend but the Nazis put their friendship to the test. The Nazis demanded to betray the Jews otherwise everyone was shot dead. After that, Eli betrayed his best friend and pointed at Herschel because he didn't want to die (cf. Everything is Illuminated 250-251).First Alex is shocked about his grandfather and doesn't understand why he didn't tell anything. â€Å"I am not understanding. I am not understanding any of this. I do not understand that you are from Kolki, and why I never knew. I do not understand why you came on this voyage if you knew how close we would be† (Everything is Illuminated 247). This whole situation is very difficult for Alex but later he forgives his grandfather and is able to understand him. In the following quotation of Eli he talks t hings over and understands that he is the reason for his son's behavior and the bad relationship between Alex and his son.â€Å"I knew that I had to change everything to leave everything behind and I knew that I could never allow him to learn of who I was or what I did because it was for him that I did what I did it was for him that I pointed and for him that Herschel was murdered that I murdered Herschel and this is why he is how he is he is how he is because a father is always responsible for his son and I am I and I am responsible not for Herschel but for my son because I held him with so much force that he cried because I loved him so  much that I made love impossible and I am sorry for you and sorry for your brother and it is you who must forgive me† (Everything is Illuminated 251-252). It is important for the grandfather that he admits everything in the end, otherwise he could never get some peace.He comes to terms with the past and therefore kills himself so he can b e together with his wife and doesn't have to suffer anymore. Conclusion The demons of the past dog us everywhere in our lives. In the novel â€Å"Everything is Illuminated† from Jonathan Safran Foer, memories and a journey back to the past become the source of self-discovery (cf. Và ¶kler).Jonathan is very insecure about himself and can't stop the thoughts about his grandfather's former life until finally he can put the past behind because of writing down his fictive story about his ancestors. Alex doesn't really know himself because he doesn't know the past of his grandfather and therefore his relationship to his father is disturbed. At last Eli, Alex's grandfather, tells his secret from the war, so he can get some peace and therefore Alex knows the truth about him and the reason of his father's behavior. The journey to the past helps them all to open their eyes, find themselves and to put the past behind.

Criminal Justice Essay Writing Guide

Criminal Justice Essay Writing Guide Criminal Justice is an academic discipline that is very interesting for many learners across the world.   Enrollment in the field of criminal justice studies has significantly been increasing over the past years. More students are evidently finding interest in studying crime. One of the most important activities students learn in the course of their criminal justice program is essay writing.   The criminal justice course is focused on developing an all-around individual who has both practical and theoretical skills to combat crime and bring justice. However, you cannot attain this objective if you are not armed with effective essay writing skills. Proficiency in essay writing helps criminal justice students to develop effective reports in police, corrections, parole, probation, and social work services. Good reporting, communication and documentation are also necessary in creating case notes, miscellaneous court documents, victim advocate reports, press releases, op-ed essays, grant applications and others.   Essay writing is the cornerstone of contemporary practice in the field of criminology. Writing a criminal justice essay may be very hectic for students. Most students often prefer a one-sided learning method. This involves acquiring concepts from the instructors but not reproducing the learned information through writing. This is an easy way of learning. However, it is not possible for the instructor to assess the extent to which the learning has influenced the students. Writing a criminal justice essay can be fun if different considerations and tips are put in place. The first aspect of the topic they are expected to write about. Besides proficiency in writing and the skills in written communication, the instructor is also testing relevance or adherence to the subject matter. How to Choose a Topic for an Essay in Criminal Justice Criminal justice is a wide discipline with a broad range of topics.   Depending on the area of focus, you are expected to select the most suitable topic that addresses the objectives they have. First, it is important to point out that instructors can present questions that they require the students to discuss. You may be expected to choose their own topics in some cases. The most important thing is to understand what the instructor needs and fine-tune your writing in a way that meets the objectives. In case the topic is not given, you should consider the following issues before they begin writing their essay: Tune to the History Channel: It is important to explore the historical aspect of the criminal justice issue one wants to write about before commencing. Taking a past case and critically examining it might do the trick. A good essay writer does not go â€Å"blind.† You must create a strong starting point. The historical cases might present an intriguing way of developing the topic for the essay. Research, do not just google: The easy way out is to connect to the internet and google. This might not work out for you in criminal justice essays. It is important to take time and research crime stories, cases, even biographies. This activity provides an important insight into the criminal justice world. Stay Factual: Criminal justice and law are closely related in the sense that they all deal with facts. Any small error can lead to a huge impact. It is important to stick to facts even when developing topics. It is advisable that one plays the lawyer when reviewing the cases and stories. Consider both sides of the story and draw an informed conclusion. In addition, one should try to be fair to the reader by presenting both sides of the story in the topic. Topic Breakdown: An essay topic should be designed in a way that grabs the attention of the reader. This can be down by breaking down the topic into subheadings and points. Crime is an emotional subject that triggers the feelings of the readers. It is important to keep a patterned connection between the reader’s feelings and the criminal issue. Relevance: A topic that one chooses should be current and top-of-mind. It should attempt to address a problem that is experienced in the contemporary society. Some of the relevant topics one can discuss in a criminology paper include: Police brutality Racial profiling in the criminal justice system The death penalty Extradition of criminals Impeachment It is up to you to understand the instruction requirements and appropriately choose the topic that is most suitable. Once you have chosen a good topic, you should proceed to the pre-writing preparation stage. Pre-Writing Tips Even with a clear prompt and a grasp of a sea of ideas, writing an essay can be very challenging. Before you begin to write a criminal justice essay, it is important that you consider the following issues: Review the allocated time: Every essay comes with specific instructions including the amount of time allocated. Some instructors may allocate weeks or even months for relatively small essays. Others may instruct that the essays are written and submitted the same day. It is important to evaluate the allocated time and no exactly the level of urgency. This will help plan the proceeding steps. For instance, a two-page essay that is needed in two weeks gives enough time for thorough research, drafting and proofreading. CAUTION!   Long deadlines should not translate to laziness. Rather, they should help in ensuring thoroughness. Brainstorming: This technique involves randomly noting down the ideas as they come. While brainstorming, one should understand that there is no such thing as â€Å"bad idea. Everything that comes to the mind should be noted down. Writing in the brainstorming stage does not have to be formal. The primary objective in this activity is to develop a wider perspective on the topic. Example:   While brainstorming on death penalty, the following ideas can cross the mind: human rights, the aim of punishment, justice to the victims, ethical implications, and religion among others. Free-writing: Although it is related to brainstorming, free writing uses formal sentences as opposed to creating a list of ideas. However, you should not be worried about writing mechanics such as punctuation, grammar and the like. The aim is to note down ideas as they come in sentences. In addition, it is important to avoid censoring ideas. You should write freely and openly. The image shown in Criminal Justice Essay (1) illustrates the aspects of free-writing: Example: Free-writing on the death penalty: I believe no one, not even the state should be granted the right to take another person’s life. I also think killing criminals implies the government would be destroying the only evidence that â€Å"crime does not pay†. How will children learn that criminals suffer? Mind-Mapping: Just like free-writing and brainstorming, mind-mapping involves taking an inventory of ideas that relate to the chosen topic. However, this strategy involves developing a central word and generating â€Å"sub-words† from it (Elbow, 2008). The ideas are developed in a manner that answer the central question in the topic as shown in Criminal Justice Essay (2) Asking Questions: It is possible that all the strategies listed above may not work for some students especially if they do not have any idea about the topic. When confronted with such a case, a solution can be found through question-asking technique. This involves asking questions that relate to the topic in order to gain an insight. You should endeavor to contemplate answers to the questions that you ask. The trick is to have as many questions as possible to help you get started (Baroudy, 2008). You generate many ideas and thoughts on the topic through asking questions. Example: How does death penalty relates to my studies? Why would the government execute its own citizens? Isn’t death penalty an ethical/ moral issue? Exploration of Terminologies and Concepts in Criminal Justice Writing a criminal justice essay paper may be significantly different from any other essay writing. The terms and concepts used may have different meanings in the common language. It is important to consider the common concepts and terms before you begin writing. Some of the common concepts and terminologies you will encounter include: Crime: An action or omission that violates the penal code. It is punishable by fine or imprisonment or sanction. Criminal intent: A provable motivates to violate the law. Felony: A serious crime that is punishable by over one-year imprisonment (Roberts, 2018). Evidence: A legal proof or omission or action. Crime scene:   An environment where a crime is suspected to have occurred. It is important to note that these are just but a few of the many terms used in criminal justice essays. The student should take time and explore some of those that apply to their essays. The Ultimate Writing of a Criminal Justice Paper After you have collected all, the necessary information from diverse databases, one should begin writing. The first step involves developing a format ad an outline. You may have the information but your essay will be meaningless if the ideas are not properly arranged.   A criminal justice essay paper uses the same structure as in other disciplines. It begins with the introduction, proceeds to the body and ends at the conclusion. Introduction This is the part where you explore the topic in a rather general fashion. You present background information on the problem, its prevalence and the impact it has created on the selected population. As previously indicated, some criminal justice essays may require students to argue and counter argue on given topic. Regardless of the topic, a criminal justice essay must begin with the introduction. You should attempt to let the reader understand the issue you are arguing about by providing a brief overview. You do not want to spend half of your paper explaining to the reader about the topic. To avoid such, be concise and relevant. Do not gather and present a lot of unnecessary information that add no value to the paper. Create a positive impression in the introduction. Tip: Make it concise and relevant! Main Body This is the heart of the paper. It is what earns you points. You would want to showcase your ingenuity, positive writing skills and extensive understanding of the topic in this part. The first consideration that one must make relates to paragraphing. As previously stated, it is pointless to spend time gathering ideas only to aimlessly throw them on the paper. You must organize your ideas in a way that allows for fluency and coherence. The paragraphs you choose for your criminal justice essay should be between 100 and 150 words. This allows the reader to follow the ideas you are putting across. Students are often tempted to write extremely large paragraphs to justify they have mastered the content or concept. The positive gesture much appreciated. However, it may bring more harm than good to your paper. The readers may get lost along the way trying to understand your ideas. If you want to write a good essay, avoid the temptation of long paragraphs and lengthy sentences. You should also not forget to begin each paragraph with the topic sentence. It is the main idea that you intend to support through different arguments. Moreover, â€Å"equality before the law† applies in every criminal justice paper. Try to present both sides of the argument in the main body. It is advisable that you consider arguments and counterarguments when compiling your information for a criminal justice system. For instance, when arguing about the death penalty, do not restrict yourself to the perspectives that support it. Also, present the arguments of those who oppose the policy. This creates the impression that you are an objective law-enforcer. Tip: Let the Main Body Speak for You! Conclusion This is the part where you summarize the contents you have written from the introduction to the main body. Recap on the main ideas and state your position on the topic. You need to restate the thesis and explain if it is justified. When You are Done Writing: Criminal Justice Essay Tips from Our Writers When you are done writing, proofread! Read over and over again to ascertain that the ideas you intended to put on the paper are exactly as you desired. You may put your essay paper away for a moment after you are done writing and grab a cup of coffee before you begin proofreading. The intention is to refresh your mind. Some of the proofreading techniques you may use include: Keep the work away for some time until your mind refreshes. The time you take for this activity depends on the deadline; Subdivide the proofreading sessions. You may go through the introduction part in the morning and the body in the evening; You may ask a third party to review your paper to check if it is error-free.

Black Majority; Book Review essays

Black Majority; Book Review essays Peter Woods Black Majority is a social history examining the cause and effects, both explicit and implicit, of the black majority that emerged in colonial South Carolina. His study spans the time period from the settlement of Carolina through the Stono Rebellion, which took place in 1739. He also takes into consideration and examines certain events that took place in the years immediately preceding the settlement of 1670, as well as those that immediately followed, as a direct result of, the Stono Rebellion and their respective relationships to the black majority that existed in the colony. Wood introduces the book as possibly the first real study of this black majority and its impact on the colony in its earliest years. Wood also proposes that many preceding social-historical studies of colonial South Carolina generally ignore or discredit the significance this overwhelming segment of the population played in the most developmental years of the colonies establishment. Through his studies of various contemporary documents, Peter Wood illustrates a South Carolina that was largely shaped by the numerical majority of the population far more than previous studies have acknowledged. Furthermore, he also suggests a South Carolina that was, in fact, shaped more by the majority of the population than by the whites who, while in the minority, had considerably more power within the social order of the colony. Wood begins his examination of the black majority in colonial South Carolina by explaining the development of the colony itself as a business venture led by a group of men known as the Lords Proprietors. The Proprietors both initially encouraged the use of slave labor and later organized a headright system which would grant land to men bringing servants, black and white alike, with them to the colony. As a result of this headright system, many of the first slaves brought into the colony were forced to migrate along with th...

SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission

SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission The well known and widely scorned court case Citizens United has been credited with paving the way for the creation of super PACs, the hybrid political groups  that are allowed to raise and spend unlimited amounts of money from corporations and unions  to influence American elections. But there would be no super PACs without a lesser known, companion court challenge to Federal Election Commission fundraising laws,  SpeechNow.org v. Federal Election Commission. The nonprofit political group, organized under Internal Revenue Service Section 527, is just as instrumental in the creation of super PACs as Citizens United.   Summary of SpeechNow.org v. FEC SpeechNow.org sued the FEC in February 2008 claiming the $5,000  federal limit  on how much individuals can give to a political committee such as its own, which therefore limited how much it could spend supporting candidates,  represented a violation of the Constitutions First Amendment guarantee to freedom of speech.   In May of 2010, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in favor of SpeechNow.org, meaning the FEC could not longer enforce the contribution limits to independent groups.   Argument in Support of SpeechNow.org The Institute for Justice and the Center for Competitive Politics, which represented  SpeechNow.org, argued that the fundraising limits were a violation of free speech, but also that the FECs rules requiring it and similar groups to  organize, register, and report as a â€Å"political committee† in order to advocate for or against candidates was too burdensome. That means that while Bill Gates one his own could spend as much of his money as he wanted on political speech, he could contribute only $ 5,000 to a similar group effort.  But since the First Amendment guarantees individuals the right to speak without limit, it should be common sense that groups of individuals have the same rights.  It turns out that these limits and red tape made it virtually impossible for new independent citizen groups to raise start-up funding and effectively reach voters.   Argument Against SpeechNow.org The governments argument against SpeechNow.org was that allowing contributions of more than $5,000 from individuals  could â€Å"lead to preferential access for donors and undue influence over officeholders.† The government was taking the tack that its ruled are designed to prevent corruption. The court rejected that argument, though, in the wake of the January 2010 decision in Citizens United, writing:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Whatever the merits of those arguments before  Citizens United, they plainly have no merit after  Citizens United†¦.Contributions to groups that make only independent expenditures cannot corrupt or create the appearance of corruption.† Difference Between SpeechNow.org and Citizens United Cases Though the two cases are similar and deal with independent  expenditure-only committees, the SpeechNow court challenge focus on federal  fundraising caps. Citizen United successfully challenged the  spending limit on corporations,  unions, and  associations. In other words, SpeechNow focused on raising money and Citizens United focused on spending money to influence elections. Impact of  SpeechNow.org v. FEC The  U.S. District Court for the District of Columbias ruling the case, combined with the U.S. Supreme Courts decision in Citizens United, together paved the way for the creation of super PACs. Writes Lyle Denniston on SCOTUSblog: While the  Citizens United  decision dealt with the spending side of federal campaign finance, theSpeechNow  case was on the other side - raising funds. Thus, as a result of the two decisions put together, independent advocacy groups can raise as much and spend as much as they can and wish to do to support or oppose candidates for federal office.   What is SpeechNow.org? According to SCOTUSblog, SpeechNow was created specifically to spend money advocating for the election or defeat of federal political candidates. It was  founded  by  David Keating, who at the time headed the conservative, anti-tax  group  Club for Growth.

Gender. media and diversity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gender. media and diversity - Assignment Example Therefore, identity is an act of performance where individuals adopt certain behavioral habits, and perform them to a niche group of audiences (Farrell 39). Similarly, the readings liken the social element of gender to identity. As opposed to being biologically determined, gender is considerably regarded to as a performance. In this case, repetitive practice of habits reserved for a specific gender invariably amounts to construction of an underlying gender. Therefore, feminine and masculine genders can be socially constructed by anyone, regardless of an individual’s biological sexuality. Primarily, social construction of gender implies that feminine qualities are not necessarily associated with being sexually female, while masculine qualities are not necessarily reserved for male persons. In essence, biological sexuality is natural whereas gender is culturally defined. In American societies, the aspect of gender is used to assign roles to men and women. For example, American societies perceive women as being physically and mentally weak, while their male counterparts are physically and mentally strong. As a result, mental and physical weaknesses are attributes reserved for the feminine gender, while strength is reserved for the masculine gender (Julie and Smith 155). Whenever men display weak mental and emotional composures like crying, they are criticized by the society as possessing feminine qualities. In this case, the performance of displaying weak emotions is used to construct the feminine gender, while performances related to display of strong emotional and ph ysical attributes is used to construct the masculine gender. Therefore, categorization of masculinity and femininity has less to do with biological sexuality, and more to do with social and cultural contexts. Undeniably, media plays a significant role in construction of gender in societies today. For example,